Qian Yiu-tong (Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄚㄋ ㄩㄠㄊㄛㄍ; pinyin: Qián Yào-tōng; 12th April 1898 - 26th May 1981, aged 83) was a Manchurian Marxist-Leninist revolutionary who served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Manchuria and by extension the de facto leader of the Manchu People's Republic from 1954 to his death in 1981. Prior to that he also served as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1946 to 1954 as well as holding posts within the politburo, central committee, standing committee and secretariat. He was also Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Command from it creation in 1937 to his death in 1981. Qian also served as an OGPU/NKVD agent for the Soviet Union.
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| - Qian Yiu-tong (Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄚㄋ ㄩㄠㄊㄛㄍ; pinyin: Qián Yào-tōng; 12th April 1898 - 26th May 1981, aged 83) was a Manchurian Marxist-Leninist revolutionary who served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Manchuria and by extension the de facto leader of the Manchu People's Republic from 1954 to his death in 1981. Prior to that he also served as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1946 to 1954 as well as holding posts within the politburo, central committee, standing committee and secretariat. He was also Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Command from it creation in 1937 to his death in 1981. Qian also served as an OGPU/NKVD agent for the Soviet Union.
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| - Qian Yiu-tong (Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄚㄋ ㄩㄠㄊㄛㄍ; pinyin: Qián Yào-tōng; 12th April 1898 - 26th May 1981, aged 83) was a Manchurian Marxist-Leninist revolutionary who served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Manchuria and by extension the de facto leader of the Manchu People's Republic from 1954 to his death in 1981. Prior to that he also served as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1946 to 1954 as well as holding posts within the politburo, central committee, standing committee and secretariat. He was also Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Command from it creation in 1937 to his death in 1981. Qian also served as an OGPU/NKVD agent for the Soviet Union. Born in the city of Mukden in 1898 Qian joined the Manzuxiehui during the 1920's before moving to the Soviet Union to study at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East during the 1920's. Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria he joined the Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army where he subsequently became a member of the Communist Party of Manchuria, quickly ascending to the CPM's central committee and politburo. Qian established himself as an efficient revolutionary bureaucrat becoming the de facto deputy to CPM leader Xu Xiaobao. He helped lead the Manchu Revolution and subsequently negotiated Manchuria's independence from the Soviet Union. After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and creation of the Manchu People's Republic Qian became the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Aligned with the Stalinist wing of the party Qian supported Xu Xiaobao throughout the late 1940's and in the early 1950's during the Korean War. The failure of the war and the subsequent Tianjin Agreement saw Xu's position in the party weakened to the point where in 1954 Qian ousted him and became leader of the Party and by extension of Manchuria. However, during the first phase of his rule he ruled in a troika with Premier Rao Shaozheng and Chairman of the Standing Committee Wan Shuangjiang. As leader of Manchuria he enforced the Black River Protocol, as series of policies and doctrines which aimed to make Manchuria a regional power within the communist world. Power was delegated to lower levels of the party whilst Qian remained pre-eminent which led to institutionalised party factionalism. Qian also dismantled the cult of personality transferring such focus to the party as a whole rather then a single leader. The military was also modernised and Manchuria began a policy of pursuing weapons of mass destruction. In 1967 Qian moderated his policies as a reaction to the Cultural Revolution in China and led the Zhongshan Movement which saw a slight thaw in cultural activities and limited economic reforms were made which placed more focus on consumer goods and light industry. Under Qian Manchuria became more actively involved in foreign affairs intervening in Vietnam, Portuguese Africa, Lan Na, Mozambique and Ethiopia. In 1976 the Zhongshan Movement was ended as a purge known as the Anti-Reactionary Campaign was launched which helped re-establish communist dominance over culture. As Qian's rule lengthened strict adherence to the Black River Protocol led to steady economic, social and political stagnation as party factionalism and growing regionalism paralysed national politics. During Qian's rule Manchuria became a gerontocracy as power was centralised to an elderly elite. In 1978 Japanese spy Ōtsubo Katsumoto defected to Manchuria seriously damaging relations between the two. In October in response to Japanese attempts to bring back Ōtsubo Manchuria started to fire missiles into the Yellow Sea resulting in tensions exploding in the October Crisis which led to the threat of military action. Qian was forced to rescind this threat which resulted in support for his leadership to rapidly evaporate in favour to the Chairman of the Standing Committee, reformist Tao Shiyou. In the last years of his life Qian became increasingly incapacitated as his health dramatically worsened, leading to his influence to wane as he was slowly replaced by Tao as leader. In 1981 he was removed from the post of First Secretary due to health issues dying of kidney failure shortly afterwards. Qian today is a controversial figure within Manchuria. Supporters maintain that under Qian Manchuria saw stability and steady economic growth with the standard of living rising dramatically as Manchuria became more respected on an international scale thanks to its nuclear weapon programme. Qian also saw extensive economic and social modernisation. Critics contend that Qian oversaw stagnation as well as increasing nepotism and corruption within Manchuria whilst failing to reform the single party police state being responsible for numerous human right abuses. Qian's role in the October Crisis also is a common source of contention amongst his supporters and detractors. Qian and his Black River Protocol remains an influential figure on the Manchurian left.
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