abstract
| - Northumbria was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Britain to remain strong after the disastrous Battle of Penn Hill thirty years earlier, which resulted in the British reconquest of much of southern Albion. Its warbands were strengthened by the addition of Saxon refugees from the south, which it used to subjugate the northern British kingdoms of Rheged and Strathclyde and to assert its dominance in Pictland. By 696 therefore it was feeling quite secure. Powys meanwhile had been expanding into former Mercian territory, until it stretched almost all the way to the North Sea. By the 690s it had begun assimilating the remaining Angles and Saxons into British culture, and was eager to challenge the last possible threat to its dominion over the heart of the isle. King Gwylog of Powys and his ally Idwal of Gwynedd led a strong force of spearmen across the river MĒ½resea and marched into the Pennines towards the eastern coast. Along the way, they were joined by a number of British-speaking Elmetians, whose kingdom had been subjugated by Northumbria some eighty years earlier. King Aldfrith of Northumbria gathered his warbands and prepared to fight. Deducing that the Britons would be low on supplies by the time they left the Pennines, he decided to fight a war of attrition and ordered that all the land in their path be stripped of food and the wells poisoned. The Britons approached the Northumbrian capital of Eoforwic but did not have enough supplies to spend time besieging it. Instead, they sacked a number of outlying villages and began the retreat back to the west. Aldfrith, urged on by his son Osred and some of his counsellors, decided to abandon caution and marched to face the British army at the edge of the Forest of Loidis in eastern Elmet.
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