The First Islamic Civil War (656–661), also called the First Fitna (), was the first major Fitna within the Fitna. It arose as a struggle over who had the legitimate right to become the ruling Fitna. The dispute shattered the unity of the Muslim Fitna and resulted in the permanent division of Islam into rival Fitna and Fitna sects.
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| - The First Islamic Civil War (656–661), also called the First Fitna (), was the first major Fitna within the Fitna. It arose as a struggle over who had the legitimate right to become the ruling Fitna. The dispute shattered the unity of the Muslim Fitna and resulted in the permanent division of Islam into rival Fitna and Fitna sects.
- The First Islamic Civil War (656–661), also called the First Fitna ( "The Fitna of the killing of Uthman"), was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. It arose as a result of the death of the previous Caliph Uthman.
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| - Muawiya I begins the Umayyad dynasty
- Rebellion successful, peace treaty signed;
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| - The Kharijites were a portion of Ali's supporters that defected and later opposed both parties.
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| - The First Islamic Civil War (656–661), also called the First Fitna ( "The Fitna of the killing of Uthman"), was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. It arose as a result of the death of the previous Caliph Uthman. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth of the Sunni Rightly Guided Caliphs and first Imam of Shia'a. It was caused by the controversial assassination of his predecessor, Uthman Ibn Affan. It lasted for the entirety of Ali's reign, and its end is marked by Muawiyah's assumption of the caliphate (founding the Umayyad dynasty), and the subsequent recorded peace treaty between him and Hassan ibn Ali.
- The First Islamic Civil War (656–661), also called the First Fitna (), was the first major Fitna within the Fitna. It arose as a struggle over who had the legitimate right to become the ruling Fitna. The dispute shattered the unity of the Muslim Fitna and resulted in the permanent division of Islam into rival Fitna and Fitna sects. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against Fitna, the fourth and final of the so-called Fitna, caused by the controversial assassination of his predecessor, Fitna. It lasted for the entirety of Ali's reign, and its end is marked by Fitna's assumption of the caliphate (founding the Fitna), and the subsequent peace treaty between him and Fitna.
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