Catherine II of Russia, called the Great (born Sophie Friederike Auguste, 2 May 1729 – 17 November 1796) reigned as Empress of Russia from June 28, 1762 until her death 34 years later. Born a German princess who converted to Eastern Orthodoxy after marrying the future Tsar Peter III, she was an example of an enlightened despot.
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| - Catherine II of Russia, called the Great (born Sophie Friederike Auguste, 2 May 1729 – 17 November 1796) reigned as Empress of Russia from June 28, 1762 until her death 34 years later. Born a German princess who converted to Eastern Orthodoxy after marrying the future Tsar Peter III, she was an example of an enlightened despot.
- Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, was born 2 May 1729. She was Empress of Russia from 9 July 1762 until 17 November 1796. Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines. Catherine's rule re-vitalized Russia, which grew ever stronger and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe. Her successes in complex foreign policy and her sometimes brutal reprisals in the wake of rebellion (most notably Pugachev's Rebellion) complemented her hectic private life. She frequently occasioned scandal—given her propensity for lascivious relationships which often resulted in gossip flourishing within more than one European court.
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| - Christain Augustus, Prince of Zerbst
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| - Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
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| - Chapel of Peter, Saint Petersburg
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| - Zerbst Family; Catherian Family
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| - Empress consort of Russia
- Empress of Russia
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- January-July 1762
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| - Aleksey Bobrinsky
- Paul of Russia
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| - Catherine II of Russia, called the Great (born Sophie Friederike Auguste, 2 May 1729 – 17 November 1796) reigned as Empress of Russia from June 28, 1762 until her death 34 years later. Born a German princess who converted to Eastern Orthodoxy after marrying the future Tsar Peter III, she was an example of an enlightened despot.
- Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, was born 2 May 1729. She was Empress of Russia from 9 July 1762 until 17 November 1796. Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines. Catherine's rule re-vitalized Russia, which grew ever stronger and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe. Her successes in complex foreign policy and her sometimes brutal reprisals in the wake of rebellion (most notably Pugachev's Rebellion) complemented her hectic private life. She frequently occasioned scandal—given her propensity for lascivious relationships which often resulted in gossip flourishing within more than one European court. Catherine took power after a conspiracy deposed her husband, Peter III (1728–1762), and her reign saw the high point in the influence of the Russian nobility. Peter III, under pressure from the nobility, had already increased the authority of the great landed proprietors over their muzhiks and serfs. In spite of the duties imposed on the nobles by the first prominent "modernizer" of Russia, Emperor Peter I of Russia (1672–1725), and despite Catherine's friendships with the western European thinkers of the Enlightenment (in particular Denis Diderot, Voltaire and Montesquieu) Catherine found it impractical to improve the lot of her poorest subjects, who continued to suffer (for example) military conscription. The distinctions between peasant rights on votchina and pomestie estates virtually disappeared in law as well as in practice during her reign. In 1775 Catherine decreed a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire. The Statute sought to efficiently govern Russia by increasing population and dividing the country into provinces and districts. By the end of her reign, there were fifty provinces, nearly 500 districts, more than double the government officials, and they were spending six times as much as previously on local government. In 1785 Catherine conferred on the nobility the Charter to the Gentry, increasing further the power of the landed oligarchs. Nobles in each district elected a Marshal of the Nobility who spoke on their behalf to the monarch on issues of concern to them—mainly economic ones. In the same year, Catherine issued the Charter of the Towns which distributed all people into six groups in order to control the power of nobles and create a middle estate. Each of these charters had major flaws and Catherine seemingly could not gain the reform she had long desired for her country, after her death this was made even more obvious through her son Paul.
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