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| - The word "Cossack" does not come from the Russian word for a cossack but from a Ukrainian analogy. The only difference is that in Russian language a right orthography is used and the word is spelt ca-sack on the contrary to the left-wing Ukrainian language. Due to their ambiguous maneuvers and fighting skills, nobody has never attempted to catch a living Cossack and dead ones have never revealed anything about the origins of these "people".
- Cossacks (Ukrainian: козаки́, kozaky, Russian: казаки́, tr. kazaki; IPA: [kəzɐˈkʲi]) are a group of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-military communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper and Don basins, and played an important role in the historical development of both Ukraine and Russia. The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed. Traditional historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th to 15th centuries.
- Cossacks (; ), are a group of predominantly East Slavic people who became known as members of democratic, semi-military and semi-naval communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and in Southern Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek, and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Russia and Ukraine.
- A young Indiana Jones first encountered Cossacks in Russia during his father's world lecture tour when he ran away from his parents and met Leo "Lev" Tolstoy, who was also fleeing family members. Cossack policemen were called in to find the missing Jones. The next day they see a whole Cossack regiment pass by and Tolstoy mentions tells the boy that they are absolutley brutal, slaying anyone if given orders. They even brought cannons, meaning they were prepared for anything. The runaways manage to escape and attach themselves to a group of traveling gypsies they meet.
- They are organised into large hosts, each under the leadership of an ataman, or chief. Within each host, smaller Cossack bands fight as separate units. Traditionally, Cossacks are cavalrymen without peer, as might be expected of a steppe people, but they are equally adept at fighting on foot. They are personally brave, even headstrong, in the presence of enemies, something that can make them too eager to get into the fight.
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| abstract
| - Cossacks (; ), are a group of predominantly East Slavic people who became known as members of democratic, semi-military and semi-naval communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and in Southern Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek, and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Russia and Ukraine. The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed, though the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk claimed Khazar origin. The traditional post-imperial historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th or 15th centuries, when two connected groups emerged, the Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and the Don Cossack Host. The Zaporizhian Sich were a vassal people of Poland–Lithuania during feudal times. Under increasing social and religious pressure from the Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent Cossack Hetmanate, initiated by a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Afterwards, the Treaty of Pereyaslav brought most of the Ukrainian Cossack state under Russian rule. The Sich with its lands became an autonomous region under the Russian-Polish protectorate. The Don Cossack Host, which had been established by the 16th century, allied with the Tsardom of Russia. Together they began a systematic conquest and colonisation of lands in order to secure the borders on the Volga, the whole of Siberia (see Yermak Timofeyevich), and the Yaik and the Terek Rivers. Cossack communities had developed along the latter two rivers well before the arrival of the Don Cossacks. By the 18th century, Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire occupied effective buffer zones on its borders. The expansionist ambitions of the empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of Cossacks, which caused tension given their traditional exercise of freedom, democratic self-rule, and independence. Cossacks, such as Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Ivan Mazepa, and Yemelyan Pugachev, led major anti-imperial wars and revolutions in the Empire in order to abolish slavery and odious bureaucracy and to maintain independence. The Empire responded by ruthless executions and tortures, the destruction of the western part of the Don Cossack Host during the Bulavin Rebellion in 1707–1708, the destruction of Baturyn after Mazepa's rebellion in 1708, and the formal dissolution of the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host in 1775, after Pugachev's Rebellion. By the end of the 18th century, Cossack nations had been transformed into a special military estate (Sosloviye), "a military class". Similar to the knights of medieval Europe in feudal times, the Cossacks came to military service having to obtain charger horses, arms, and supplies at their own expense. The government provided only firearms and supplies for them. Cossack service was considered the most rigorous one. Because of their military tradition, Cossack forces played an important role in Russia's wars of the 18th–20th centuries such as the Great Northern War, the Seven Years' War, the Crimean War, Napoleonic Wars, Caucasus War, numerous Russo-Turkish Wars, and the First World War. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Tsarist regime used Cossacks extensively to perform police service (for example, both to prevent pogroms and to suppress the revolutionary movement, especially in 1905–7). They also served as border guards on national and internal ethnic borders (as was the case in the Caucasus War). During the Russian Civil War, Don and Kuban Cossacks were the first nations to declare open war against the Bolsheviks. By 1918, Cossacks declared the complete independence of their nations and formed the independent states, the Ukrainian State, the Don Republic, and the Kuban People's Republic. The Cossack troops formed the effective core of the anti-Bolshevik White Army, and Cossack republics became centers for the Anti-Bolshevik White movement. With the victory of the Red Army, the Cossack lands were subjected to Decossackization and the man-made famine of 1932–33 (Holodomor). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Cossacks made a systematic return to Russia. Many took an active part in Post-Soviet conflicts and Yugoslav Wars. In Russia's 2010 Population Census, Cossacks have been recognized as an ethnicity. There are Cossack organizations in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Poland, and the United States.
- The word "Cossack" does not come from the Russian word for a cossack but from a Ukrainian analogy. The only difference is that in Russian language a right orthography is used and the word is spelt ca-sack on the contrary to the left-wing Ukrainian language. Due to their ambiguous maneuvers and fighting skills, nobody has never attempted to catch a living Cossack and dead ones have never revealed anything about the origins of these "people".
- They are organised into large hosts, each under the leadership of an ataman, or chief. Within each host, smaller Cossack bands fight as separate units. Traditionally, Cossacks are cavalrymen without peer, as might be expected of a steppe people, but they are equally adept at fighting on foot. They are personally brave, even headstrong, in the presence of enemies, something that can make them too eager to get into the fight. Historically, Russians and other Eastern Europeans have had an ambiguous relationship with the Cossacks. There is admiration for their fighting qualities, yet a certain wariness of their wild nature. This has not stopped them being used as irregular troops by many nations. Even as late as the Second World War entire Cossack divisions were used by the Soviet Army, and then by the Germans who invaded Russia. Those Cossacks who served with the Germans (there were Cossack Waffen-SS divisions) were either killed in combat or captured and sent to die in labour camps.
- A young Indiana Jones first encountered Cossacks in Russia during his father's world lecture tour when he ran away from his parents and met Leo "Lev" Tolstoy, who was also fleeing family members. Cossack policemen were called in to find the missing Jones. Later, a pair of Cossacks find Indy and Lev at an inn with orders to take Tolstoy back to his family. Tolstoy refuses and tells them to go away. Despite Indy caliming that they were in a free country and couldn't just drag someone away, the Cossacks attempted to catch them. Indy hits the pair with a table and Tolstoy and he seek refuge in a barn for the night. The next day they see a whole Cossack regiment pass by and Tolstoy mentions tells the boy that they are absolutley brutal, slaying anyone if given orders. They even brought cannons, meaning they were prepared for anything. The runaways manage to escape and attach themselves to a group of traveling gypsies they meet. A Cossack regiment attacks the gypsies at night after they make camp, burning it down and scattering the inhabitants. Tolstoy is injured during the raid but Jones and he manage to get medical help at a nearby house once the Cossacks leave and were both eventually reunited with their families. After he became a spy during World War I, Indiana Jones had another encounter with the Cossacks in 1917. Friends with a group of Bolsheviks at a time when Russia was creeping toward revolution, Jones was unble to stop them marching toward the square which was being protected by Cossacks armed with machine guns. When Jones arrived, the Cossacks began firing on the Bolsheviks and Jones' friend, Sergei was hit and died in front of him. In 1992, Jones discovered a photograph of the demonstrators in an American museum and realised he was in it as but a blur.
- Cossacks (Ukrainian: козаки́, kozaky, Russian: казаки́, tr. kazaki; IPA: [kəzɐˈkʲi]) are a group of predominantly East Slavic people who originally were members of democratic, semi-military communities in Ukraine and Southern Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper and Don basins, and played an important role in the historical development of both Ukraine and Russia. The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed. Traditional historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th to 15th centuries.
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