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| - The Gregorian calendar was a system for measuring one solar year on Earth. It was devised as an improvement upon the Julian calendar, and was used as a standard by Humans throughout the planet's Western hemisphere from 15 October 1582 until the adoption of stardates, although conversion from stardates to Earth year dating was common in practice. (ST novel: Excelsior: Forged in Fire) The first chapter of Watching the Clock presented dates identified as Gregorian calendar reckoning. Subsequent chapters were dated using other calendars from various worlds.
- The Gregorian solar calendar is an arithmetical calendar. It counts days as the basic unit of time, grouping them into years of 365 or 366 days. The solar calendar repeats completely every 146,097 days, which fill 400 years, and which also happens to be 20871 seven-day weeks. Of these 400 years, 303 (the "common years") have 365 days, and 97 - the leap years - have 366 days. This gives an average year length of exactly 365.2425 days - or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.
- The Gregorian calendar is a calendar introduced throughout Catholic Europe in 1582. It was designed by Calabrian doctor Aloyisius Lilius to correct a subtle flaw in the Julian calendar which made the calendar slightly longer than the Earth's revolution around the Sun (though the Church continued to deny that the Earth revolved around the Sun) and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII.
- The Gregorian Calendar is a calendar introduced throughout Catholic Europe in 1582. It was designed by Calabrian doctor Aloyisius Lilius to correct a subtle flaw in the Julian Calendar which made the calendar slightly longer than the Earth's revolution around the Sun (though the Church continued to deny that the Earth revolved around the Sun) and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII.
- The Gregorian calendar is a reform of the Julian calendar. The two calendars are structured in the same way, and their months bear the same names, but they are currently thirteen days out of step with each other, and slowly moving further apart. The Gregorian calendar was adopted first by Roman Catholic countries. Protestant countries did not feel it was appropriate to follow the lead of the Pope. However, eventually, the Gregorian calendar became normative throughout the world.
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| abstract
| - The Gregorian calendar is a calendar introduced throughout Catholic Europe in 1582. It was designed by Calabrian doctor Aloyisius Lilius to correct a subtle flaw in the Julian calendar which made the calendar slightly longer than the Earth's revolution around the Sun (though the Church continued to deny that the Earth revolved around the Sun) and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII. Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries resisted the implementation of the calendar and continued to observe the Julian calendar for a time, though eventually they all adopted the Gregorian calendar, at least for secular date-keeping. The United Kingdom, for instance, adopted the Gregorian calendar throughout its empire in 1752. Russia adopted the calendar only after the October Revolution in 1917. The Russian Orthodox Church, like all Eastern Orthodox churches, continues to use the Julian calendar to determine the dates of its liturgical feasts. Today the Gregorian calendar is the official civil calendar of nearly every country in the world, regardless of religion, and is the de facto international standard calendar. Other calendars continue to be used in many places to set the dates of various historical, cultural, and religious observances.
- The Gregorian solar calendar is an arithmetical calendar. It counts days as the basic unit of time, grouping them into years of 365 or 366 days. The solar calendar repeats completely every 146,097 days, which fill 400 years, and which also happens to be 20871 seven-day weeks. Of these 400 years, 303 (the "common years") have 365 days, and 97 - the leap years - have 366 days. This gives an average year length of exactly 365.2425 days - or 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. A Gregorian year is divided into twelve months of irregular length (but note that there is a period of 153 days divided over 5 months in an alternating pattern from March to July that repeats from August to December): A calendar date is fully specified by the year (numbered by some scheme beyond the scope of the calendar itself), the month (identified by name or number), and the day of the month (numbered sequentially starting at 1). Leap years are all years divisible by 4, with the exception of those divisible by 100, but not by 400. These 366-day years add a 29th day to February, which normally has 28 days. Thus, the essential ongoing differential feature of the Gregorian calendar, as opposed to the Julian calendar, is that the Gregorian omits 3 leap days every 400 years. This difference would have been more noticeable in modern memory, were it not for the fact that the year 2000 was a leap year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendar systems. The intercalary day in a leap year is known as a leap day. Since Roman times February 24 (bissextile) was counted as the leap day (month), but nowadays February 29 is regarded as the leap day in most countries. Although the calendar year runs from January 1 to December 31, sometimes year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar. Confusingly, the term "Anno Domini" is not specific on this point, and actually refers to a family of year numbering systems with different starting points for the years. (See the section below for more on this issue.)
- The Gregorian Calendar is a calendar introduced throughout Catholic Europe in 1582. It was designed by Calabrian doctor Aloyisius Lilius to correct a subtle flaw in the Julian Calendar which made the calendar slightly longer than the Earth's revolution around the Sun (though the Church continued to deny that the Earth revolved around the Sun) and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII. Protestant and Orthodox countries resisted the implementation of the calendar and continued to observe the Julian Calendar for a time, though eventually they all adopted the Gregorian calendar, at least for secular date-keeping. The United Kingdom, for instance, adopted the Gregorian calendar throughout its empire in 1752. Russia adopted the calendar only after the October Revolution in 1917. (As a pointed example, by the Gregorian Calendar, the October Revolution took place in November.) The Russian Orthodox Church, like all Eastern Orthodox churches, continues to use the Julian Calendar to determine the dates of its liturgical feasts. Today the Gregorian Calendar is the official date-keeping system of every government in the world, regardless of religion. Other calendars continue to be used in many places to set the dates of various historical, cultural, and religious observances.
- The Gregorian calendar is a reform of the Julian calendar. The two calendars are structured in the same way, and their months bear the same names, but they are currently thirteen days out of step with each other, and slowly moving further apart. The mean Julian year of 365 d 6 h is slightly longer than the mean tropical year of 365 d 5 h 48 min 45 s. The Julian calendar thus falls about 11 min behind the seasonal cycle each year. The calendar gets a day behind every 128 years. When the bishops of the church met in the Council of Nicaea in AD 325, one of the tasks before them was the regulation of the date of Easter. For this they had to determine the date of the vernal equinox. Caesar had set up the Julian calendar to keep March 25 as the equinox, but 370 years later the equinox was found to be at March 21. Still today, the calculation of the date of Easter derives from setting March 21 as a imaginary constant vernal equinox. As the centuries passed, the Julian calendar got increasingly out of synchronisation with the seasons. In the 16th century, the date of Easter was still calculated as if March 21 was the vernal equinox, but the actual equinox was occurring between March 10-12: getting earlier as the century progressed. This error was a huge embarrassment to the church, and various popes endeavoured to correct it. Pope Pius V (1566-1572) appointed Aloysius Lilius to lead a commission investigating methods of correcting the calendar. Upon his death, the prodigious Jesuit mathematician Christoph Clavius (1537-1612) took up the challenge. The main proposal was twofold. Firstly, to get the calendar back to where it should be (that is, vernal equinox on March 20/21), ten days should be dropped from the calendar. Secondly, to avoid this happening again three leap years in every four hundred years should be dropped. The commission did produce far more work than just this, including new tables for calculating New Moons and Full Moons: particularly useful for finding the date of Easter. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585, after whom the calendar is named Gregorian) ordered that the ten days be dropped from October (in the papal bull Inter Gravissimas issued on 1582 February 24). Therefore, Thursday 1582 October 4 was followed by Friday 1582 October 15. It should be noted that the cycle of the days of the week was not altered. To reduce the number of leap years the Julian rule that every year divisible by four is a leap year was modified. Century years (those divisible by a hundred) became normal years of 365 d. However, all years divisible by 400 remain leap years of 366 d. These rules reduce the number of leap years from 100 to 97 out of every 400 years. Therefore the mean Gregorian year is 365,242 5 d (or 365 d 5h 49 min 12 s) long. The Gregorian year is still about 27 s longer than the mean tropical year, but that means that it will take 3220 years for the Gregorian calendar to fall a day short of the tropical year. The Gregorian calendar was adopted first by Roman Catholic countries. Protestant countries did not feel it was appropriate to follow the lead of the Pope. However, eventually, the Gregorian calendar became normative throughout the world. Technically, the Gregorian calendar is a Roman secular calendar rather than a religious one. However, this and the Julian calendar have played an important role in determining Christian observances through the years. Easter, and the feast which depend on it for their date, is relatively free from being tied to the calendar. The Gregorian calendar is used throughout Western Christian groups. However, Eastern Christians use the Julian calendar or the Revised Julian calendar. The latter is a Greek revision of the former in 1924. The Revised calendar is virtually identical to the Gregorian calendar.
- The Gregorian calendar was a system for measuring one solar year on Earth. It was devised as an improvement upon the Julian calendar, and was used as a standard by Humans throughout the planet's Western hemisphere from 15 October 1582 until the adoption of stardates, although conversion from stardates to Earth year dating was common in practice. (ST novel: Excelsior: Forged in Fire) In a lesser capacity, the Gregorian calendar was still used by Humans to define years as late as 24th century. The calendar year dates could be identified as taking place in the Common Era (CE) to differentiate from years before the calendar's zero point, which were annotated as Before the Common Era (BC or BCE). The stardate 58188.4 was equivalent to Tuesday, 10 March, 2381 at 18:32 UTC, and stardate 58193.8 was equivalent to Thursday, 12 March, 2381 at 18:27 UTC. (TTN novel: Taking Wing; DTI novel: Watching the Clock) The first chapter of Watching the Clock presented dates identified as Gregorian calendar reckoning. Subsequent chapters were dated using other calendars from various worlds.
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