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| - The hominidae or great apes are a family of Great apes which species includes humans (Homo), chimpanzees (Pan)' gorillas (Gorilla), and orang-utans (pongo) There are more species of this family but are extinct. Great apes are a very clever group of primates with no tails.
- The Hominidae (anglicized Hominids, also known as great apes) form a taxonomic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, humans and orangutans. A number of known extinct genera are grouped with humans in the Hominina subtribe, others with orangutans in the Ponginae subtribe. The most recent common ancestor of the Hominidae lived some 13 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestors of the other three genera. The ancestors of the Hominidae family in turn speciated from those of the Hylobatidae family some 15 million years ago.
- Los homínidos (Hominidae) son una familia de primates hominoideos, que incluye al hombre y sus parientes cercanos, orangutanes, gorilas y chimpancés. En la clasificación tradicional, Hominidae estaba compuesta exclusivamente por primates bípedos (géneros Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, etc.). Actualmente, según la taxonomía cladística cuyo uso se está imponiendo en primatología, los Hominidae incluyen además a los grandes simios (gorilas, chimpancés, orangutanes) anteriormente clasificados en la familia de los póngidos. En la mayor parte de los trabajos científicos actuales, los homínidos bípedos son ahora clasificados en la subtribu Hominina.
- The hominids are the members of the biological family Hominidae (the great apes), which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. This classification has been revised several times in the last few decades. Originally, the group was restricted to humans and their extinct relatives, with the other great apes being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. This definition is still used by many anthropologists and by lay people. However, that definition makes Pongidae paraphyletic, whereas most taxonomists nowadays encourage monophyletic groups. Thus many biologists consider Hominidae to include Pongidae as the subfamily Ponginae, or restrict the latter to the orangutans and their extinct relatives like Gigantopithecus. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings.
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| abstract
| - The hominidae or great apes are a family of Great apes which species includes humans (Homo), chimpanzees (Pan)' gorillas (Gorilla), and orang-utans (pongo) There are more species of this family but are extinct. Great apes are a very clever group of primates with no tails.
- The hominids are the members of the biological family Hominidae (the great apes), which includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. This classification has been revised several times in the last few decades. Originally, the group was restricted to humans and their extinct relatives, with the other great apes being placed in a separate family, the Pongidae. This definition is still used by many anthropologists and by lay people. However, that definition makes Pongidae paraphyletic, whereas most taxonomists nowadays encourage monophyletic groups. Thus many biologists consider Hominidae to include Pongidae as the subfamily Ponginae, or restrict the latter to the orangutans and their extinct relatives like Gigantopithecus. The taxonomy shown here follows the monophyletic groupings. Especially close human relatives form a subfamily, the Homininae. Some researchers go so far as to include chimpanzees and gorillas in the genus Homo along with humans, but it is more commonly accepted to describe the relationships as shown here. Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The exact criteria for membership in the Homininae are not clear, but the subfamily generally includes those species which share more than 97% of their DNA with the modern human genome, and exhibit a capacity for language or for simple cultures beyond the family or band. The theory of mind including such faculties as mental state attribution, empathy and even empathetic deception is a controversial criterion distinguishing the adult human alone among the hominids. Humans acquire this capacity at about four and a half years of age, whereas it has neither been proven nor disproven that gorillas and chimpanzees develop a theory of mind. This is also the case for some new world monkeys outside the family of great apes, as, for example, the capuchin monkeys. However, without the ability to test whether early members of the Homininae (such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, or even the australopithecines) had a theory of mind, it is difficult to ignore similarities seen in their living cousins. Despite an apparent lack of real culture and significant physiological and psychological differences, some say that the orangutan may also satisfy these criteria. These scientific debates take on political significance for advocates of Great Ape personhood. In 2002, a 6–7 million year old fossil skull nicknamed "Toumaï" by its discoverers, and formally classified as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, was discovered in Chad and is possibly the earliest hominid fossil ever found. In addition to its age, Toumaï, unlike the 3–4 million year younger gracile australopithecine dubbed "Lucy", has a relatively flat face without the prominent snout seen on other pre-Homo hominids. Some researchers have made the suggestion that this previously unknown species may in fact be a direct ancestor of modern humans (or at least closely related to a direct ancestor). Others contend that one fossil is not enough to make such a claim because it would overturn the conclusions of over 100 years of anthropological study. A report on this finding was published in the journal Nature on July 11, 2002. While some scientists claim that it is merely the skull of a female gorilla, others have called it the most important hominin fossil since Australopithecus. In addition to the Tourmai fossil, US genome experts believe that the species associated with the chimpanzees and proto-humans split interbred over a long period of time, swapping genes, before making a final separation. A paper, whose authors include David Reich and Eric Lander (Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)), was published in journal Nature in May 2006. It is generally believed that the Pan/Homo split occurred about 6.5–7.4 million years ago, but the molecular clock (a method of calculating evolution based on the speed at which genes mutate) suggests the genera split 5.4–6.3 million years ago. Previous studies looked at average genetic differences between human and chimp. The new study compares the ages of key sequences of genes of modern humans and modern chimps. Some sequences are younger than others, indicating that chimps and humans gradually split apart over a period of 4 million years. The youngest human chromosome is the X sex chromosome which is about 1.2 million years more recent than the 22 autosomes. The X chromosome is known to be vulnerable to selective pressure. Its age suggests there was an initial split between the two species, followed by gradual divergence and interbreeding that resulted in younger genes, and then a final separation.
- Los homínidos (Hominidae) son una familia de primates hominoideos, que incluye al hombre y sus parientes cercanos, orangutanes, gorilas y chimpancés. En la clasificación tradicional, Hominidae estaba compuesta exclusivamente por primates bípedos (géneros Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, etc.). Actualmente, según la taxonomía cladística cuyo uso se está imponiendo en primatología, los Hominidae incluyen además a los grandes simios (gorilas, chimpancés, orangutanes) anteriormente clasificados en la familia de los póngidos. En la mayor parte de los trabajos científicos actuales, los homínidos bípedos son ahora clasificados en la subtribu Hominina. Por tanto existe una cierta confusión de términos:
* Hominidae. Castellanizado como homínidos. Antes incluía sólo los primates bípedos y ahora también a los grandes simios.
* Hominina. Castellanizado como homininos. Solo incluye a los Hominidae bípedos. El término "hominino" sería más adecuado para designar a los seres humanos actuales y todos los fósiles de nuestra propia línea evolutiva, desde que se produjo la separación con la línea del chimpancé hace unos seis millones de años; así, todas las especies que caminaron de forma erguida reciben el nombre de homininos. Estudios realizados con técnicas moleculares del ADN indican que los chimpancés, gorilas y humanos forman un clado, con los orangutanes un poco más separados filogeneticamente. Los integrantes no humanos actuales de esta familia se encuentran apenas en África ecuatorial, Sumatra y Borneo. Sin embargo fueron encontrados fósiles de homínidos en Europa y diversos lugares de Asia y África, procedentes del Mioceno (cerca de 20 millones de años antes del presente).
- The Hominidae (anglicized Hominids, also known as great apes) form a taxonomic family, including four extant genera: chimpanzees, gorillas, humans and orangutans. A number of known extinct genera are grouped with humans in the Hominina subtribe, others with orangutans in the Ponginae subtribe. The most recent common ancestor of the Hominidae lived some 13 million years ago, when the ancestors of the orangutans speciated from the ancestors of the other three genera. The ancestors of the Hominidae family in turn speciated from those of the Hylobatidae family some 15 million years ago.
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