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| - 1201 Ownership of Mark 1201.01 Claim of Ownership May Be Based on Use By Related Companies 1201.02 Identifying the Applicant in the Application 1201.02(a) Identifying the Applicant Properly 1201.02(b) Application Void if Wrong Party Identified as the Applicant 1201.02(c) Correcting Errors in How the Applicant Is Identified 1201.02(d) Operating Divisions 1201.02(e) Changes in Ownership After Application Is Filed 1201.03 Use by Related Companies 1201.03(a) Use Solely by Related Company Must be Disclosed 1201.03(b) No Explanation of Applicant's Control Over Use of Mark by Related Companies Required 1201.03(c) Wholly Owned Related Companies 1201.03(d) Common Stockholders, Directors or Officers 1201.03(e) Sister Corporations 1201.03(f) License and Franchise Situations 1201.04 Inquiry Regarding Parties Named on Specimens or Elsewhere in Record 1201.05 Acceptable Claim of Ownership Based on Applicant's Own Use 1201.06 Special Situations Pertaining to Ownership 1201.06(a) Applicant Is Merely Distributor or Importer 1201.06(b) Goods Manufactured in a Country Other than Where Applicant Is Located 1201.07 Related Companies and Likelihood of Confusion 1201.07(a) "Single Source" - "Unity of Control" 1201.07(b) Appropriate Action with Respect to Assertion of Unity of Control 1201.07(b)(i) When Either Applicant or Registrant Owns All of the Other Entity 1201.07(b)(ii) When Either Applicant or Registrant Owns Substantially All of the Other Entity 1201.07(b)(iii) When the Record Does Not Support a Presumption of Unity of Control 1201.07(b)(iv) When the Record Contradicts an Assertion of Unity of Control 1202 Use of Subject Matter as Trademark 1202.01 Refusal of Matter Used Solely as a Trade Name 1202.02 Registration of Trade Dress 1202.02(a) Functionality 1202.02(a)(i) Statutory Basis for Functionality Refusal 1202.02(a)(ii) Purpose of Functionality Doctrine 1202.02(a)(iii) Background and Definitions 1202.02(a)(iii)(A) Functionality 1202.02(a)(iii)(B) "De Jure" and "De Facto" Functionality 1202.02(a)(iv) Burden of Proof in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v) Evidence and Considerations Regarding Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(A) Utility Patents and Design Patents 1202.02(a)(v)(B) Advertising, Promotional or Explanatory Material in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(C) Availability of Alternative Designs in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(v)(D) Ease or Economy of Manufacture in Functionality Determinations 1202.02(a)(vi) Aesthetic Functionality 1202.02(a)(vii) Functionality and Service Marks 1202.02(a)(viii) Functionality and Non-Traditional Marks 1202.02(b) Distinctiveness of Trade Dress 1202.02(b)(i) Distinctiveness and Product Design Trade Dress 1202.02(b)(ii) Distinctiveness and Product Packaging Trade Dress for Goods or Services 1202.02(c) Distinctiveness and Functionality are Separate Issues 1202.02(d) Drawing and Description of Mark in Trade Dress Applications 1202.02(e) Trade Dress in Intent-to-Use Applications 1202.02(f) Trade Dress in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1202.03 Refusal on Basis of Ornamentation 1202.03(a) Commercial Impression 1202.03(b) Practices of the Trade 1202.03(c) "Secondary Source" 1202.03(d) Evidence of Distinctiveness 1202.03(e) Ornamentation with Respect to Intent-to-Use Applications 1202.03(f) Ornamentation: Case References 1202.03(f)(i) Slogans or Words Used on the Goods 1202.03(f)(ii) Designs Used on the Goods 1202.03(f)(iii) Trade Dress on the Containers for the Goods 1202.03(g) Ornamentation Cases and Acquired Distinctiveness 1202.04 Informational Matter 1202.05 Color as a Mark 1202.05(a) Color Marks Never Inherently Distinctive 1202.05(b) Functional Color Marks Not Registrable 1202.05(c) Color as a Separable Element 1202.05(d) Drawings of Color Marks Required 1202.05(d)(i) Drawings of Color Marks in Trademark Applications 1202.05(d)(ii) Drawings of Color Marks in Service Mark Applications 1202.05(d)(iii) Drawings for Marks Including Both Color and Words or Design 1202.05(e) Written Explanation of a Color Mark 1202.05(f) Specimens for Color Marks 1202.05(g) Special Considerations for Service Mark Applications 1202.05(h) Applications for Color Marks Based on Intent-to-Use 1202.05(i) Applications for Color Marks Based on §44 or §66(a) 1202.06 Goods in Trade 1202.06(a) Goods Must Have Utility to Others 1202.06(b) Registration Must Be Refused if Trademark Not Used on Goods in Trade 1202.06(c) "Goods in Trade" in Intent-to-Use Applications 1202.07 Marks That Identify Columns or Sections of Publications 1202.07(a) Marks That Identify Columns or Sections of Printed Publications 1202.07(a)(i) Syndicated Columns and Sections 1202.07(a)(ii) Non-Syndicated Columns and Sections 1202.07(a)(iii) Marks That Identify Columns and Sections of Printed Publications in Intent-to-Use Applications 1202.07(b) Marks That Identify Columns and Sections of Online Publications 1202.08 Title of a Single Creative Work 1202.08(a) What Constitutes a Single Creative Work 1202.08(b) What Does Not Constitute a Single Creative Work 1202.08(c) Complete Title of the Work - Evidence of a Series 1202.08(d) Portion of a Title of the Work 1202.08(d)(i) Mark Must Create a Separate Commercial Impression 1202.08(d)(ii) Establishing a Series When the Mark is a Portion of the Title 1202.08(d)(iii) Evidence that the Portion of the Title is Promoted or Recognized as a Mark 1202.08(e) Identification of Goods/Services 1202.08(f) Title of a Single Work in an Intent-to-Use Application 1202.09 Names of Artists and Authors 1202.09(a) Names And Pseudonyms of Authors and Performing Artists 1202.09(a)(i) Author or Performer's Name - Evidence of a Series 1202.09(a)(ii) Evidence that the Name is a Source Identifier 1202.09(a)(ii)(A) Promotion and Recognition of the Name 1202.09(a)(ii)(B) Control over the Nature and Quality of the Goods 1202.09(a)(iii) Names of Authors and Performing Artists in Intent-to-Use Applications 1202.09(b) Names of Artists Used on Original Works of Art 1202.10 Names and Designs of Characters in Creative Works 1202.11 Background Designs and Shapes 1202.12 Varietal and Cultivar Names (Examination of Applications for Seeds and Plants) 1202.13 Scent, Fragrance or Flavor 1202.14 Holograms 1202.15 Sound Marks 1202.16 Model or Grade Designations 1203 Refusal on Basis of Immoral or Scandalous Matter; Deceptive Matter; Matter which May Disparage, Falsely Suggest a Connection, or Bring into Contempt or Disrepute 1203.01 Immoral or Scandalous Matter 1203.02 Deceptive Matter 1203.02(a) Distinction between Marks Comprising Deceptive Matter (§2(a)) and Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks (§2(e)(1)) 1203.02(b) Deceptive Matter: Case References 1203.03 Matter which May Disparage, Falsely Suggest a Connection, or Bring into Contempt or Disrepute 1203.03(a) "Persons" Defined 1203.03(b) "National Symbols" Defined 1203.03(c) Disparagement, Bringing into Contempt and Bringing into Disrepute 1203.03(d) Disparagement, Bringing into Contempt and Bringing into Disrepute: Case References 1203.03(e) False Suggestion of a Connection 1203.03(f) False Suggestion of a Connection: Case References 1204 Refusal on Basis of Flag, Coat of Arms or Other Insignia of United States, State or Municipality, or Foreign Nation 1205 Refusal on Basis of Matter Protected by Statute or Convention 1205.01 Statutory Protection 1205.01(a) Examination Procedures for Marks Comprising a Red Crystal or Red Crescent on a White Background; or the Phrases "Red Crescent" or "Third Protocol Emblem" 1205.01(a)(i) First Use After December 8, 2005 1205.01(a)(ii) First Use On or Before December 8, 2005 - Grandfather Clause 1205.01(a)(iii) Date of First Use Not Specified 1205.01(a)(iv) Nature of the Mark 1205.01(a)(v) Amendments to Disclaim, Delete, or Amend the Unregistrable Symbol or Designation 1205.01(a)(vi) Parties Authorized to use the Red Crescent and Third Protocol Emblem 1205.02 Article 6ter of the Paris Convention 1206 Refusal on Basis of Name, Portrait or Signature of Particular Living Individual or Deceased U.S. President Without Consent 1206.01 Name, Portrait or Signature 1206.02 Particular Living Individual or Deceased U.S. President 1206.03 Consent of Individual or President's Widow Required 1206.03(a) Consent Must Be Written Consent to Registration 1206.03(b) Implicit Consent 1207 Refusal on Basis of Likelihood of Confusion, Mistake or Deception 1207.01 Likelihood of Confusion 1207.01(a) Relatedness of the Goods or Services 1207.01(a)(i) Goods or Services Need Not Be Identical 1207.01(a)(ii) Goods May Be Related to Services 1207.01(a)(ii)(A) Food and Beverage Products Versus Restaurant Services 1207.01(a)(iii) Reliance on Identification of Goods/Services in Registration and Application 1207.01(a)(iv) No "Per Se" Rule 1207.01(a)(v) Expansion of Trade Doctrine 1207.01(a)(vi) Evidence Showing Relatedness of Goods or Services 1207.01(b) Similarity of the Marks 1207.01(b)(i) Word Marks 1207.01(b)(ii) Similarity In Appearance 1207.01(b)(iii) Comparing Marks That Contain Additional Matter 1207.01(b)(iv) Similarity in Sound - Phonetic Equivalents 1207.01(b)(v) Similarity in Meaning 1207.01(b)(vi) Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1207.01(b)(vii) Transposition of Terms 1207.01(b)(viii) Marks Consisting of Multiple Words 1207.01(b)(ix) Weak or Descriptive Marks 1207.01(b)(x) Parody Marks 1207.01(c) Design Marks 1207.01(c)(i) Legal Equivalents - Comparison of Words and Their Equivalent Designs 1207.01(c)(ii) Composite Marks Consisting of Both Words and Designs 1207.01(c)(iii) Comparison of Standard Character Marks and Special Form Marks 1207.01(c)(iv) Matter Depicted in Broken Lines 1207.01(d) Miscellaneous Considerations 1207.01(d)(i) Doubt Resolved in Favor of Registrant 1207.01(d)(ii) Absence of Actual Confusion 1207.01(d)(iii) Third-Party Registrations and Evidence of Third-Party Use 1207.01(d)(iv) Collateral Attack on Registration Improper in Ex Parte Proceeding 1207.01(d)(v) Classification of Goods/Services 1207.01(d)(vi) Prior Decisions of Examining Attorneys 1207.01(d)(vii) Sophisticated Purchasers 1207.01(d)(viii) Consent Agreements 1207.01(d)(ix) Fame of Mark 1207.01(d)(x) Conflicting Marks Owned by Different Parties 1207.02 Marks That Are Likely to Deceive 1207.03 Marks Previously Used in United States but Not Registered 1207.04 Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(a) Concurrent Use - In General 1207.04(b) Filing Basis of Application Seeking Concurrent Use 1207.04(c) Basis for Concurrent Use Registration 1207.04(d) Determining Eligibility for Concurrent Use 1207.04(d)(i) Requirements for All Concurrent Use Applications 1207.04(e) Applications Subject to Concurrent Use Proceeding Before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 1207.04(e)(i) Preparing the File for Publication 1207.04(f) Application for Concurrent Use Registration Pursuant to Court Decree 1207.04(f)(i) Preparing the File for Publication 1208 Conflicting Marks in Pending Applications 1208.01 Priority for Publication or Issue Based on Effective Filing Date 1208.01(a) What Constitutes Conflict Between Pending Applications 1208.01(b) What Constitutes Effective Filing Date 1208.01(c) Change in Effective Filing Date During Examination 1208.01(d) Examination of Conflicting Marks After Reinstatement or Revival 1208.02 Conflicting Applications Examination Procedure 1208.02(a) Examination of Application with Earliest Effective Filing Date 1208.02(b) Action on Later-Filed Application: Giving Notice of the Earlier Application or Applications 1208.02(c) Suspension of Later-Filed Application 1208.02(d) Action on Later-Filed Application upon Disposition of the Earlier Application or Applications 1208.02(e) Applicant's Argument on Issues of Conflict 1208.02(f) Conflicting Mark Mistakenly Published or Approved for Issuance on the Supplemental Register 1208.03 Procedure Relating to Possibility of Interference 1208.03(a) Procedures on Request for Interference 1208.03(b) Decision on Request for Interference 1208.03(c) Procedure When Interference Is to be Declared 1209 Refusal on Basis of Descriptiveness 1209.01 Distinctiveness/Descriptiveness Continuum 1209.01(a) Fanciful, Arbitrary and Suggestive Marks 1209.01(b) Merely Descriptive Marks 1209.01(c) Generic Terms 1209.01(c)(i) Test 1209.01(c)(ii) Terminology 1209.01(c)(iii) Generic Matter: Case References 1209.02 Procedure for Descriptiveness and/or Genericness Refusal 1209.03 Considerations Relevant to Determination of Descriptiveness 1209.03(a) Third-Party Registrations 1209.03(b) No Dictionary Listing 1209.03(c) First or Only User 1209.03(d) Combined Terms 1209.03(e) More Than One Meaning 1209.03(f) Picture or Illustration 1209.03(g) Foreign Equivalents/Dead or Obscure Languages 1209.03(h) Incongruity 1209.03(i) Intended Users 1209.03(j) Phonetic Equivalent 1209.03(k) Laudatory Terms 1209.03(l) Telephone Numbers 1209.03(m) Domain Names 1209.03(n) "America" or "American" 1209.03(o) "National" or "International" 1209.03(p) Function or Purpose 1209.03(q) Source or Provider of Goods or Services 1209.03(r) Retail Store and Distributorship Services 1209.03(s) Slogans 1209.03(t) Repetition of Descriptive Term 1209.03(u) Punctuation 1209.04 Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks 1210 Refusal on Basis of Geographic Significance 1210.01 Elements 1210.01(a) Geographically Descriptive Marks - Test 1210.01(b) Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive Marks - Test 1210.01(c) Geographically Deceptive Marks - Test 1210.02 Primarily Geographic Significance 1210.02(a) Geographic Locations 1210.02(b) Primary Significance 1210.02(b)(i) Other Meanings 1210.02(b)(i)(A) Surname Significance 1210.02(b)(ii) More Than One Geographic Location With Same Name 1210.02(b)(iii) Non-Geographic Characteristics of Goods or Services 1210.02(b)(iv) "America" or "American" and Similar Terms in Marks 1210.02(c) Geographic Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.02(c)(i) Two Geographic Terms Combined 1210.02(c)(ii) Geographic Terms Combined With Descriptive or Generic Matter 1210.02(c)(iii) Arbitrary, Fanciful or Suggestive Composites 1210.03 Geographic Origin of the Goods or Services 1210.04 Goods/Place or Services/Place Association 1210.04(a) Establishing Goods/Place Association 1210.04(b) Establishing Services/Place Association 1210.04(c) Obscure or Remote Geographic Marks 1210.04(d) Arbitrary Use of Geographic Terms 1210.05 Geographically Deceptive Marks 1210.05(a) Basis for Refusal 1210.05(b) Materiality of Deception 1210.05(b)(i) Materiality of Deception In Cases Involving Goods 1210.05(b)(ii) Materiality of Deception In Cases Involving Services 1210.06 Procedure for Examining Geographic Composite Marks 1210.06(a) Marks That Include Primarily Geographically Descriptive Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.06(b) Marks That Include Primarily Geographically Deceptively Misdescriptive and Deceptive Terms Combined With Additional Matter 1210.07 Supplemental Register and Section 2(f) 1210.07(a) Registrability of Geographic Terms on the Supplemental Register 1210.07(b) Registrability of Geographic Terms Under Section 2(f) 1210.08 Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits 1210.08(a) Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits That Do Not Originate in the Named Place 1210.08(b) Geographical Indications Used on Wines and Spirits That Originate in the Named Place 1210.08(c) Geographical Indications That Are Generic for Wines and Spirits 1210.09 Geographic Certification Marks 1211 Refusal on Basis of Surname 1211.01 "Primarily Merely a Surname" 1211.01(a) Non-Surname Significance 1211.01(a)(i) Ordinary Language Meaning 1211.01(a)(ii) Phonetic Equivalent of Term With Ordinary Language Meaning 1211.01(a)(iii) Geographical Significance 1211.01(a)(iv) Historical Place or Person 1211.01(a)(v) Rare Surnames 1211.01(a)(vi) "Look And Feel" of a Surname 1211.01(a)(vii) Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents 1211.01(b) Surname Combined with Additional Matter 1211.01(b)(i) Double Surnames 1211.01(b)(ii) Stylization or Design Elements 1211.01(b)(iii) Surname Combined with Initials 1211.01(b)(iv) Surname Combined with Title 1211.01(b)(v) Surname in Plural or Possessive Form 1211.01(b)(vi) Surname Combined with Wording 1211.01(b)(vii) Surname Combined With Domain Name 1211.02 Evidence Relating to Surname Refusal 1211.02(a) Evidentiary Burden - Generally 1211.02(b) Evidentiary Considerations 1211.02(b)(i) Telephone Directory Listings 1211.02(b)(ii) LEXIS-NEXIS® Research Database Evidence 1211.02(b)(iii) Surname of Person Associated with Applicant 1211.02(b)(iv) Specimens Confirming Surname Significance of Term 1211.02(b)(v) Negative Dictionary Evidence 1211.02(b)(vi) Evidence of Fame of a Mark 1212 Acquired Distinctiveness or Secondary Meaning 1212.01 General Evidentiary Matters 1212.02 General Procedural Matters 1212.02(a) Situations in which a Claim of Distinctiveness under §2(f) Is Appropriate 1212.02(b) Section 2(f) Claim Is, for Procedural Purposes, a Concession that Matter Is Not Inherently Distinctive 1212.02(c) Claiming §2(f) Distinctiveness in the Alternative 1212.02(d) Unnecessary §2(f) Claims 1212.02(e) Disclaimers in Applications Claiming Distinctiveness under §2(f) 1212.02(f) Section 2(f) Claim in Part (as to a Portion of the Mark) 1212.02(g) Examining Attorney's Role in Suggesting §2(f) or Appropriate Kind/Amount of Evidence 1212.02(h) Non-Final and Final Refusals 1212.02(i) Section 2(f) Claim with Respect to Incapable Matter 1212.03 Evidence of Distinctiveness Under §2(f) 1212.04 Prior Registrations as Proof of Distinctiveness 1212.04(a) Sufficiency of Claim vis-à-vis Nature of the Mark 1212.04(b) "Same Mark" 1212.04(c) Relatedness of Goods or Services 1212.04(d) Registration Must Be in Full Force and Effect and on Principal Register or under Act of 1905 1212.04(e) Form of §2(f) Claim Based on Ownership of Prior Registrations 1212.05 Five Years of Use as Proof of Distinctiveness 1212.05(a) Sufficiency of Claim Vis-à-Vis Nature of the Mark 1212.05(b) "Substantially Exclusive and Continuous" 1212.05(c) Use "as a Mark" 1212.05(d) Form of the Proof of Five Years' Use 1212.06 Establishing Distinctiveness by Actual Evidence 1212.06(a) Long Use of the Mark 1212.06(b) Advertising Expenditures 1212.06(c) Affidavits or Declarations Asserting Recognition of Mark as Source Indicator 1212.06(d) Survey Evidence, Market Research and Consumer Reaction Studies 1212.06(e) Miscellaneous Considerations Regarding Evidence Submitted to Establish Distinctiveness 1212.06(e)(i) First or Only User 1212.06(e)(ii) State Trademark Registrations 1212.06(e)(iii) Design Patent 1212.06(e)(iv) Acquiescence to Demands of Competitors 1212.07 Form of Application Asserting Distinctiveness 1212.08 Section 44 and §66(a) Applications and Distinctiveness 1212.09 Intent-to-Use Applications and Distinctiveness 1212.09(a) Section 2(f) Claim Requires Prior Use 1212.09(b) Claim of §2(f) "in Part" in §1(b) Application 1212.10 Printing "§2(f)" Notations 1213 Disclaimer of Elements in Marks 1213.01 History of Disclaimer Practice 1213.01(a) Discretion in Requiring Disclaimer 1213.01(b) Refusal to Register Because of Failure to Disclaim 1213.01(c) Voluntary Disclaimer of Registrable or Unregistrable Matter 1213.02 "Composite" Marks 1213.03 Disclaimer of Unregistrable Components of Marks 1213.03(a) "Unregistrable Components" in General 1213.03(b) Generic Matter and Matter Which Does Not Function as a Mark 1213.03(c) Pictorial Representations of Descriptive Matter 1213.03(d) Entity Designations 1213.04 Trade Names 1213.05 "Unitary" Marks 1213.05(a) Compound Word Marks 1213.05(a)(i) Telescoped Words 1213.05(a)(ii) Compound Words Formed with Hyphen or Other Punctuation 1213.05(b) Slogans 1213.05(c) "Double Entendre" 1213.05(d) Incongruity 1213.05(e) Sound Patterns 1213.05(f) Display of Mark 1213.06 Entire Mark May Not Be Disclaimed 1213.07 Removal Rather than Disclaimer 1213.08 Form of Disclaimers 1213.08(a) Wording of Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(i) Standardized Printing Format for Disclaimer 1213.08(a)(ii) Unacceptable Wording for Disclaimer 1213.08(b) Disclaimer of Unregistrable Matter in Its Entirety 1213.08(c) Disclaimer of Misspelled Words 1213.08(d) Disclaimer of Non-English Words 1213.09 Mark of Another May Not Be Registered with Disclaimer 1213.10 Disclaimer in Relation to Likelihood of Confusion 1213.11 Acquiring Rights in Disclaimed Matter 1214 "Phantom" Elements in Marks 1214.01 Single Application May Seek Registration of Only One Mark 1214.02 Agreement of Mark on Drawing With Mark on Specimens or Foreign Registration 1214.03 "Phantom Marks" in Intent-to-Use Applications 1214.04 "Phantom Marks" in §44 and §66(a) Applications 1215 Marks Composed, in Whole or in Part, of Domain Names 1215.01 Background 1215.02 Use as a Mark 1215.02(a) Use Applications 1215.02(b) Advertising One's Own Products or Services on the Internet is not a Service 1215.02(c) Agreement of Mark on Drawing with Mark on Specimens of Use 1215.02(d) Marks Comprised Solely of TLDs for Domain Name Registry Services 1215.02(e) Intent-to-Use Applications 1215.02(f) Section 44 and §66(a) Applications 1215.03 Surnames 1215.04 Descriptiveness 1215.05 Generic Refusals 1215.06 Marks Containing Geographical Matter 1215.07 Disclaimers 1215.08 Material Alteration 1215.08(a) Adding or Deleting TLDs in Domain Name Marks 1215.08(b) Adding or Deleting TLDs in Other Marks 1215.09 Likelihood of Confusion 1215.10 Marks Containing the Phonetic Equivalent of a Top-Level Domain 1216 Effect of Applicant's Prior Registrations 1216.01 Decisions Involving Prior Registrations Not Controlling 1216.02 Effect of "Incontestability" in Ex Parte Examination 1217 Res Judicata, Collateral Estoppel and Stare Decisis
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