Many dynasties ruled Indian subcontinent around the 16th to the 17th century. Some of these were the Mughals in the north and the Marathas in the south. Babur, descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Soviet Central Asia), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600, including modern day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Deccan. The Mughal rulers balanced and pacified the local society through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralized, and uniform rule.
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| - India (Cherry, Plum, and Chrysanthemum)
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| - Many dynasties ruled Indian subcontinent around the 16th to the 17th century. Some of these were the Mughals in the north and the Marathas in the south. Babur, descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Soviet Central Asia), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600, including modern day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Deccan. The Mughal rulers balanced and pacified the local society through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralized, and uniform rule.
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| - Islam; Christianity; Sikh; Buddhism; Jainism
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| - Indo-Aryans; Northeast Indians; Dravidians; Adivasi
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| - Federal parliamentary constitutional republic
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| - English; Bengali; Gujarati; Punjabi; Sanskrit; Sindhi; Urdu
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| - Many dynasties ruled Indian subcontinent around the 16th to the 17th century. Some of these were the Mughals in the north and the Marathas in the south. Babur, descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Soviet Central Asia), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600, including modern day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Deccan. The Mughal rulers balanced and pacified the local society through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralized, and uniform rule. The Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. The Mughals brought India into relative peace and prosperity, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. Expanding commerce during Mughal rule, however, gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern subcontinent. As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas from the south and Afghans from the west. In 1739, the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah, the Emperor of Persia. After this victory, the Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757.
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