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| - Open Journal Systems. 2012. Open Journal Systems. Public Knowledge Project. (WUaS's wiki, information technologies and criteria for this - informed by the WUaS academic journal subject matter - are developing, since you can already publish your article at ).
- Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of the history and development of life on Earth, including that of ancient plants and animals, based on the fossil record (evidence of their prehistoric existence as typically preserved in sedimentary rocks). This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilized feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. See also paleoanthropology.
- Paleontology is a branch of biology that deals with extinct life, specifically dinosaurs.
- Paleontology is the study of ancient life through fossils. Only seen in sedimentary and very low grade metamorphic rock. Fossils can often help to date their source rock, and help to collaborate global climate change and mass extinctions.
- Paleontology is the study of the fossilized evidence of former life. This evidence may include the remains of bones (fossils), tracks, burrows, and feces.
- Paleontology is the study of fossils and this subject tells us about life in the past. Palaeontology shows us that the world is millions of years old and that Young Earth Creationism is bad science. Evidence of former life may include the remains of bones, hard shells, tracks, burrows, and feces. Paleontology is a branch of Geology.
- Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments. As a "historical science" it tries to explain causes rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Although 5th century BC and medieval thinkers made what would now be called paleontological observations, the science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. Fossils found in China since the 1990s have provided new information about the earliest evolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds and mammals. Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, and also shares with archeology a border that is difficult to defi
- Paleontology was the study of the developing history of life. A scientist specialized in this branch was known as a paleontologist. Commander Chakotay of the starship USS Voyager had a passion for paleontology, and considered becoming a paleontologist himself. He was able to use he skills and knowledge of the subject matter at least twice on Voyager; in 2373, while examining the Distant Origin Theory and in 2376 while searching for a lost Mars spacecraft, Ares IV. (VOY: "Distant Origin", "One Small Step")
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| - Open Journal Systems. 2012. Open Journal Systems. Public Knowledge Project. (WUaS's wiki, information technologies and criteria for this - informed by the WUaS academic journal subject matter - are developing, since you can already publish your article at ).
- Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of the history and development of life on Earth, including that of ancient plants and animals, based on the fossil record (evidence of their prehistoric existence as typically preserved in sedimentary rocks). This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilized feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. See also paleoanthropology.
- Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments. As a "historical science" it tries to explain causes rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Although 5th century BC and medieval thinkers made what would now be called paleontological observations, the science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. Fossils found in China since the 1990s have provided new information about the earliest evolution of animals, early fish, dinosaurs and the evolution of birds and mammals. Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, and also shares with archeology a border that is difficult to define. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics and engineering. As knowledge has increased, paleontology has also developed specialized subdivisons, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecological and environmental history, such as ancient climates. Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life, and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave fossils. Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult: sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating, which provide absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5%, but more often paleontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the "jigsaw puzzles" of biostratigraphy. Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms, and paleontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary "family trees". The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics, which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring how similar the DNA is in their genomes. Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend. Use of all these techniques has enabled paleontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life, almost all the way back to when Earth became capable of supporting life, about 3,800 million years ago. For about half of that time the only life was single-celled micro-organisms, mostly in microbial mats that formed ecosystems only a few millimeters thick. Earth's atmosphere originally contained virtually no oxygen, and its oxygenation began about 2,400 million years ago. This may have caused an accelerating increase in the diversity and complexity of life, and early multicellular plants and fungi have been found in rocks dated from 1,700 to 1,200 million years ago. The earliest multicellular animal fossils are much later, from about 580 million years ago, but animals diversified very rapidly and there is a lively debate about whether most of this happened in a relatively short Cambrian explosion or started earlier but has been hidden by lack of fossils. All of these organisms lived in water, but plants and invertebrates started colonizing land from about 490 million years ago and vertebrates followed them about 370 million years ago. The first dinosaurs appeared about 230 million years ago and birds evolved from one dinosaur group about 150 million years ago. During the time of the dinosaurs, mammals' ancestors survived only as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores, but after the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct in the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event 65 million years ago mammals diversified rapidly. Flowering plants appeared and rapidly diversified between 130 million years ago and 90 million years ago, possibly helped by coevolution with pollinating insects. Social insects appeared around the same time and, although they have relatively few species, now form over 50% of the total mass of all insects. Humans evolved from a lineage of upright-walking apes that appeared 6 to 7 million years ago, and anatomically modern humans appeared under 200,000 years ago. The course of evolution has been changed several times by mass extinctions that wiped out previously dominant groups and allowed other to rise from obscurity to become major components of ecosystems.
- Paleontology is a branch of biology that deals with extinct life, specifically dinosaurs.
- Paleontology is the study of ancient life through fossils. Only seen in sedimentary and very low grade metamorphic rock. Fossils can often help to date their source rock, and help to collaborate global climate change and mass extinctions.
- Paleontology is the study of the fossilized evidence of former life. This evidence may include the remains of bones (fossils), tracks, burrows, and feces.
- Paleontology was the study of the developing history of life. A scientist specialized in this branch was known as a paleontologist. Commander Chakotay of the starship USS Voyager had a passion for paleontology, and considered becoming a paleontologist himself. He was able to use he skills and knowledge of the subject matter at least twice on Voyager; in 2373, while examining the Distant Origin Theory and in 2376 while searching for a lost Mars spacecraft, Ares IV. (VOY: "Distant Origin", "One Small Step") In 2378, he was also teaching a class on paleontology. Naomi Wildman was one of his students. That year, she was working on a report on proto-humanoids for his class. (VOY: "Homestead")
- Paleontology is the study of fossils and this subject tells us about life in the past. Palaeontology shows us that the world is millions of years old and that Young Earth Creationism is bad science. Evidence of former life may include the remains of bones, hard shells, tracks, burrows, and feces. Paleontology is a branch of Geology.
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