| abstract
| - Languages are ranked by the sizes of their consonantal inventories into:
* "Very Small" (10 or fewer),
* "Small" (11 to 20),
* "Medium" (21 to 30),
* "Medium-Large" (31 to 40), and
* "Large" (over 40). Adpihi has a medium-sized inventory of consonants. However, Adpihi's consonant inventory is almost as large as it can be and still be considered "medium" instead of "medium-large".Proto-Adpihi's Consonants
Proto-Adpihi apparently had 33 (thirty-three) consonants. By place-of-articulation, Proto-Adpihi had
* 7 alveolars; rr, s, n, t, l, d, z;
* 6 velars; k, g, N, k_h, x, k_>;
* 5 labials; m, p, b, p_h, w;
* 4 dentals; t_d, n_d, d_d, T;
* 3 palatals; j, J, c;
* 2 post-alveolars; tS, dZ;
* 2 labio-dentals; f, v;
* 2 glottals; ?, h;
* 1 retroflex; r`; and
* 1 palato-alveolar; S;. By manner-of-articulation, Proto-Adpihi had
* 6 mute fricatives; S, f, s, x, T, h;
* 6 mute stops; k, p, ?, t, t_d, c;
* 5 nasals; m, N, J, n, n_d;
* 4 voiced stops; b, g, d, d_d;
* 2 voiced fricatives; v, z;
* 2 mute aspirated plosives; p_h, k_h;
* 2 voiced rhotics; rr, r`;
* 2 semi-vowels; j, w;
* 1 mute affricate; tS;
* 1 voiced affricate; dZ;
* 1 mute ejective stop; k_>; and
* 1 lateral; l. The following table presents the consonants of Proto-Adpihi in SAMPA. See In descending order by frequency of occurrence, the manners of articulation were;
* Voiceless Stops
* Nasals
* Mute Fricatives
* Voiced Stops
* Voiced Fricatives
* Mute Affricates
* Laterals
* Mute Apirated Plosives
* Voiced Rhotics
* Semi-vowels
* Mute Ejective Stops
* Voiced Affricates In descending order by frequency of occurrence, the places of articulation were;
* Labials
* Velars
* Alveolars
* Dentals
* Post-Alveolars
* Palatals
* Labio-Dentals
* Palato-Alveolars
* Retroflexes
* Glottals In descending order by frequency of occurrence, the consonant segments were; m, k, p, b, g, N, tS, S, rr, ?, f, j, s, J, n, t, l, dZ, p_h, k_h, r`, w, x, t_d, d, v, n_d, d_d, k_>, c, T, z, hAdpihi's Consonants
By the time of Old Adpihi, five of these (tS, dZ, p_h, k_h, and k_>) were lost. All of the consonants of Old Adpihi were pulmonic egressive, so Old Adpihi had no ejective stops. Old Adpihi also has no affricates and no aspirated stops. So Old Adpihi has 28 (twenty-eight) consonant phonemes. See They are;What Became of the "Lost" Consonants
1.
* [tS] was re-analyzed, usually as [t][S] but sometimes as just [t] or [S]. Where it became [t][S], often an epenthetic vowel was introduced between the [t] and the [S]. 2.
* [dZ] was re-analyzed, usually as [d][Z] but sometimes as just [d] or [Z]. Where it became [d][Z], often an epenthetic vowel was introduced between the [d] and the [Z]. 3.
* [k_h] was re-analyzed, usually as [k][h] but sometimes as just [k] or [h]. Where it became [k][h], often an epenthetic vowel was introduced between the [k] and the [h]. 4.
* [p_h] was re-analyzed, usually as [p][h] but sometimes as just [p] or [h]. Where it became [p][h], often an epenthetic vowel was introduced between the [p] and the [h]. 5.
* [k_>] was re-analyzed, usually as either [k][?] or as [?][k] but sometimes as just [k] or [?]. Where it became [k][?] or [?][k], often an epenthetic vowel was introduced between the [k] and the [?].Unusual and/or Difficult Features of Adpihi's Consonant Inventory
Alveolars and Dentals
The distinction between the alveolar place-of-articulation and the dental place-of-articulation is difficult for some foreigners to make. In Adpihi there are four pairs of consonants that differ just this way.Rhotics
Adpihi is unusual in having two rhotics rather than only one. The SIL definition of a "rhotic" is "any liquid that is not a lateral"; the SIL definition of a "liquid" is "any approximant that is not a semivowel". Neither of Adpihi's "rhotics" is an approximant, so this definition is inadequate to include them. Very many uvular and/or retroflex consonants, as well as very many trills, taps, and flaps, are considered "rhotic" in the languages in which they occur, even when they aren't approximants. To a much smaller degree, many laterals that aren't approximants are considered "liquids" in the languages in which they occur.Palatals
Usually if a language has a nasal at a particular point of articulation, it will have more than just a voiceless stop and an approximant at that same P.o.A.
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