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CHAPTER 1
Introduction and Physiological Background
1. Diabetes Mellitus
Human bodies need to maintain a glucose concentration level in a narrow range . If one’s glucose concentration level is significantly out of the normal range , this person is considered to have a the plasma glucose problem: hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia .
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in the glucose-insulin endocrine metabolic regulatory system, in which the pancreas either does not release insulin or does not properly use insulin to uptake glucose in the plasma , which is referred as hyperglycemia.
The consequences are that the body does not metabolize the glucose and builds up hyperglycemia which eventually damages the regulatory system. Complications of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy and blindness .
Diabetes mellitus is one of the worst diseases with respect to size of the affected population. [...]
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[...] The world wide diabetics population is much higher, especially in underdeveloped countries.
Diabetes mellitus is currently classified as type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes . Type 1 diabetes was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes. It develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin, which regulates blood glucose. This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age. Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes include autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors. Type 2 diabetes is adult onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as this is due to a deficit in the mass of β cells, reduced insulin secretion [53], and resistance to the action of insulin [32]. The relative contribution and interaction of these defects in the pathogenesis of this disease remains to be clarified [17]. About 90% to 95% of all diabetics diagnose type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Native Americans, some Asian Americans, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in children and adolescents .
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[89] <a href="http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks">http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks</a> /pathphys/endocrine/pancreas/index.html
[93] <a href="http://www.diabetes.org
[96]">http://www.diabetes.org
[96]</a> http://www.endocrineweb.com/insulin.html
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