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| - Born in poverty in Yi County (now Laizhou) in Shandong, Zhang joined a bandit gang in 1911 and rose in power after offering his band's services to the army of Jiangsu's military governor. His success as a part-time bandit chief and militiaman was short-lived and after being defeated by rivals he sought refuge with the warlord Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria. He made a good impression, with a popular story going that he rose in popularity one year at Zhang Zuolin's birthday party: in contrast to other guests who showered the warlord with expensive gifts, Zhang Zongchang sent him two empty coolie baskets and failed to turn up himself. Zhang Zuolin was baffled until the purpose of the gift was soon ascertained: Zhang Zongchang's empty basket implied he was a man willing to shoulder whatever heavy responsibilities the warlord entrusted him with. He was subsequently rewarded with a command position in his army, though only after proving himself in battle did Zhang Zongchang visit his superior in person. Zhang Zongchang's nickname of the Dogmeat General came from a fondness for gambling, especially for the game Pai Gow which Northeastern Chinese called "eating dog meat". He kept some thirty to fifty concubines of different nationalities, including Koreans, Japanese, White Russians, French and Americans, each of whom were given numbers since he could not remember their names nor speak their language. Zhang Zongchang was free with his gifts, lavishly squandering money and concubines on superiors and friends. As a result, Zhang's commanders were much loyal to him, contributing to his martial success. According to the wife of Wellington Koo: '[Zhang] was known everywhere as the "Three Don't Knows" (). He said he didn't know how much money he had, how many concubines, or how many men in his army.' Zhang Zongchang proved to be one of the more capable warlord generals, making effective use of armoured trains manned by experienced White Russian mercenaries. He recruited up to 4,600 White Russian refugees from the Russian civil war, from which he formed a cavalry regiment, complete with pseudo-Tsarist uniforms and regalia. Zhang Zongchang was also one of the first Chinese generals to incorporate women into the military on a large scale, even using a regiment of nurses entirely consisting of White Russian women. The White Russian nurses, in turn, trained their Chinese counterparts, resulting in greater efficiency in taking care of Zhang's wounded troops, a significant boost of morale and combat capability. Nevertheless, while having a reputation as one of the most brutal and ruthless warlords, he was also one of the most colourful. After defeating the army of general Wu Peifu by making his enemy's forces defect, he rewarded the defectors by allowing them to keep their original ranks. He then promoted his own officers, but since there was not enough metal to make the gold and silver stars for their rank insignia, he ordered the stars to be made from the gold and silver paper foil in cigarette packages. During the mass promotion ceremony, the officers were surprised to find their insignia already torn even before the ceremony had ended. Similarly, during one of his campaigns, he publicly announced he would win the battle or come home in his coffin. When his troops were forced back he was true to his word - he was paraded through the streets, sitting in his coffin, and smoking a large cigar. It was also a matter of public amusement that he kept his aged mother with him at all times, except when on campaign, when he left her at his opulent palace. In 1924, he took part in the Second Zhili–Fengtian War and helped partition Shanghai between the two opposing forces. In April 1925, he went on to conquer Shanghai properly and then seized Nanjing, both for the glory of Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique. He was subsequently appointed military governor of Shandong, which he ruled as warlord until May 1928. Zhang travelled to Shanghai for frequent carousing sessions with Zhang Zuolin's son, General Zhang Xueliang. Both men enjoyed opium, of which Shanghai was a key site in the smuggling trade, and Fengtian economy became increasingly reliant on the drug. In an infamous incident in 1925, an argument in Zhang's headquarters over who among a group of officers should receive the biggest payment from an opium deal led to shoot-out which saw three of them kill each other. In 1928, during the Northern Expedition, Muslim General Bai Chongxi led Kuomintang forces to destroy and defeat the Zhang Zongchang, capturing 20,000 of his 50,000 troops, almost capturing Zhang himself, who escaped beyond the Great Wall to Manchuria. He fled to Japanese protection in Dalian. By 1929 he was living quietly in Japan with his mother, though was thrown into the spotlight again when he accidentally shot Prince Hsien Kai, a cousin of Emperor Puyi. According to Zhang the gun he was holding while standing at his hotel window happened to go off and shoot the young prince in the back, killing him instantly, though it was more likely he killed the playboy prince for dallying with one of Zhang's many concubines. He was charged, found guilty by a Japanese court, and given the choice between 15 days imprisonment or a US$150 fine. He chose the fine. While visiting Shandong in 1932, he was assassinated by the nephew of one of his many victims, who was in turn given clemency and pardoned by the Kuomintang government. Contemporary claims were made that the "filial murder" might have been part of a plan set up a local governor to remove Zhang as a political rival.
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