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| - The Alcatraz Gang was a group of eleven American prisoners of war (POW) held separately during the Vietnam War because of their particular resistance to their North-Vietnamese captors. These eleven POWs were: George Thomas Coker, Jeremiah Denton, Harry Jenkins, Sam Johnson, George McKnight, James Mulligan, Howard Rutledge, Robert Shumaker, James Stockdale, Ronald Storz, and Nels Tanner.
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| abstract
| - The Alcatraz Gang was a group of eleven American prisoners of war (POW) held separately during the Vietnam War because of their particular resistance to their North-Vietnamese captors. These eleven POWs were: George Thomas Coker, Jeremiah Denton, Harry Jenkins, Sam Johnson, George McKnight, James Mulligan, Howard Rutledge, Robert Shumaker, James Stockdale, Ronald Storz, and Nels Tanner. These prisoners were held in solitary confinement from 25 October 1967 to 9 December 1969 in a special facility (dubbed "Alcatraz" by Stockdale) behind the North Vietnamese Ministry of National Defense, about a mile away from the Hanoi Hilton. The prisoners were shackled with legcuffs every night in 3-by-9-foot cells with the light on around the clock. These "11 prisoners of war were separated because they were leaders of the prisoners' resistance". Stockdale once tried to kill himself so that the North Vietnamese could not force him to make a propaganda film. The suicide attempt failed and the film was never made. Of Stockdale, Coker said "He was probably the strongest, most exemplary leader of the whole North Vietnamese POW environment". Coker and McKnight were the last POWs assigned to the Alcatraz Gang, being so assigned for previous fierce resistance to their treatment and an unsuccessful escape from the Hỏa Lò Prison ("Hanoi Hilton"). The POWs considered some things as just "mistreatment" not real torture, such as their ankles being shackled to the floor. Being hung from the ceiling by ropes, however, was torture. The group received special torture and were taken into torture sessions in order of rank, highest to lowest. Coker was the youngest and lowest ranking of the eleven POWs and was taken in last. He said he is still grateful for every minute the others held out. During the end of his session, something changed and the session stopped, which the POWs thought was because of a political decision from higher authorities to stop the sessions. All of the prisoners except Storz were moved to other prisons in December 1969. Storz, debilitated from sickness and untreated injuries, was left behind and died in captivity on 23 April 1970. When they were released, so much had changed back in America that Coker said it was as if "...we weren't here (in America) at all. We were strangers in our own country, and we didn't like a lot of what we saw". Many still have throbbing in joints from the rope torture and Coker's wife says, "In his sleep, he holds up 'the wall'". Coker says, "If you're never tested, you don't know (what you can do)". Three of the surviving POWs had died by November 2008. The others keep in close touch.
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