abstract
| - Shortly after voting to annex the Darién in 1999, the Colombian Congress passed another act claiming all of the territory of Panama for Colombia. Panama had been a Colombian province until 1903 when it became an independent nation. The old province had been called "Istmo", but the act only used Panama's modern name. However, Colombia was unable to make good on its claim outside Darién. The East Panama District came into being late in 1999 by Act of Congress. It was to be the first step toward pacifying the region east of the Canal. A military expedition in 2000 ended in failure. During the 2000s Colombia tried several times to colonize the District, but was not able to extend its control past the defensive line of bases along Darién's border. Recently Colombia has showed signs of a shift in its strategy. Using the Casa Verde Peace Agreement of 1986, which put an end to a number of violent rebellions in Colombia, as a model, the government has begun to negotiate with the warlords who control the region, and there has been talk about sharing power. Colombia began to show signs of a major new focus on East Panama in December of 2011, when it began increasing troop levels in the Darién. On January 8, 2012, President Juan Manuel Santos visited Chepo to officially and publicly reach out to eastern Panama's armed groups. Treaties with East Panameño groups has continued, the largest breakthrough being the recent treaty with the Colón People's Army, among the largest groups in the East District. Colombia continues to consider East Panama to be its own territory. Much of the military activity in the District remains a secret. Known Colombian/South American outposts include Portobelo on the Caribbean coast and a small base near Chepo in the interior. Chepo enjoys a road connection with Panama City; though the road is currently in ruin, it provides the town with an advantageous position, making it the most likely capital once Colombian rule is established. Currently, East Panama's military governor has recently moved to Chepo, however, most of his staff is still based out of Panama City. Colombia also claims all of Western Panama, which consists of a number of developed local statelets as well as smaller communities. Colombia's presence in the west is even shakier than in the east.
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