About: Umayyad conquest of Hispania   Sponge Permalink

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The conquest began with an invasion by an army that (according to traditional accounts) consisted largely of Berber Northwest Africans and was commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad. They disembarked in early 711 at Gibraltar and campaigned their way northward. After the decisive Battle of Guadalete against the usurper Roderic and the defection to the Saracens of the legitimate heirs to the throne, the initial raids became, to the surprise of the raiders themselves, territorial gains successfully conquered and retained. The Visigothic kingdom splintered into client-dominions of the Umayyads. Over the following decade, most of the Iberian Peninsula was further occupied and brought under Umayyad sovereignty. In 714 Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the Ebro to overrun western Basque regions and the

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  • Umayyad conquest of Hispania
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  • The conquest began with an invasion by an army that (according to traditional accounts) consisted largely of Berber Northwest Africans and was commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad. They disembarked in early 711 at Gibraltar and campaigned their way northward. After the decisive Battle of Guadalete against the usurper Roderic and the defection to the Saracens of the legitimate heirs to the throne, the initial raids became, to the surprise of the raiders themselves, territorial gains successfully conquered and retained. The Visigothic kingdom splintered into client-dominions of the Umayyads. Over the following decade, most of the Iberian Peninsula was further occupied and brought under Umayyad sovereignty. In 714 Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the Ebro to overrun western Basque regions and the
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abstract
  • The conquest began with an invasion by an army that (according to traditional accounts) consisted largely of Berber Northwest Africans and was commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad. They disembarked in early 711 at Gibraltar and campaigned their way northward. After the decisive Battle of Guadalete against the usurper Roderic and the defection to the Saracens of the legitimate heirs to the throne, the initial raids became, to the surprise of the raiders themselves, territorial gains successfully conquered and retained. The Visigothic kingdom splintered into client-dominions of the Umayyads. Over the following decade, most of the Iberian Peninsula was further occupied and brought under Umayyad sovereignty. In 714 Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the Ebro to overrun western Basque regions and the Cantabrian mountains all the way to Gallaecia, with no relevant or attested opposition. However, these northern areas drew little interest to the conquerors and were hard to defend when taken. The high western and central sub-Pyrenean valleys remained unconquered. By 717 the invaders had moved northeast across the Pyrenees to occupy Septimania, then under the client-king Ardo, only to be temporarily halted by Odo the Great´s Aquitanians in the Battle of Toulouse (721). However, massing a larger army they resumed their advance to the northwest, defeating Odo at the Battle of the River Garonne. Charles Martel at the time held the high office of mayor of the palace in Francia, and Odo saw no choice but to seek the help of his former enemy, swear an oath of loyalty to him, and join the Frankish military forces, who after a forced march defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours (Poitiers) in 732 (or 733). Muslim control of territory in what became France was intermittent and ended in 759. In the 10th century Al-Andalus became the Emirate (later Caliphate) of Córdoba, but at the outset of the invasion it was merely the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus under the rule of the governor of Ifriqiya. In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory. Though Muslim armies dominated the Iberian Peninsula for centuries afterward, the victory of Pelagius of Asturias at the Battle of Covadonga in 722, considered in Arab chronicles a revolt in subdued territory, preserved at least one Christian principality in the north. The initial status and boundaries of the Duchy of Cantabria, to join Asturias under Pelagius, is also unclear. This battle later assumed major symbolic importance for Iberian Christians as the beginning of the Reconquista. According to the Islamic rule of law, the sharia, "people of the scriptures" (Jews and Christians) may be permitted to practice their faith if they submit to Muslim domination. For this reason numerous Jewish and Christian sects survived and even prospered through the centuries of Islamic rule in al-Andalus.
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