abstract
| - Iceland, officially the Kingdom of Iceland (Icelandic: Ísland or Konungsríkið Ísland), is an island country in Northern Europe, located in the North Atlantic Ocean between mainland Europe and Greenland. It has a population of about 230,000 and a total area of 103,000 km². Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík. Located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is volcanically and geologically active on a large scale; this defines the landscape. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterized by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many big glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Iceland has a temperate climate relative to its latitude and provides a habitable environment and nature. The settlement of Iceland began in 874 when, according to Landnámabók, the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norwegian settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the next centuries, people of Nordic and Celtic origin settled in Iceland. Until the twentieth century, the Icelandic population relied on fisheries and agriculture, and was from 1262 to 1814 a part of the Norwegian monarchy (under Denmark-Norway), and from 1918-1940 a part of the Danish monarchy. Following the German invasion of Denmark and their subsequent inclusion into the Anti-Comintern Pact, Iceland decided to be a part of the Norwegian monarchy once again, due to their close cultural and historical ties. In the twentieth century, Iceland's economy and welfare system developed quickly.
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