abstract
| - Today we talk of change and even evolution with impunity. A time was when one could have lost his head had he advocated any change. Elsewhere, we examine the four stages of Survival, growth, development and evolution . History and the social sciences study the wide range of changes that occur in society, often without being able to identify a clear pattern or direction to the movement. Human Science postulates that underlying the irregular movement, social change has a discernible direction. Society does not merely change. It ultimately evolves. Growth is increasing. Agriculture grows in the country when the extent of cultivation increases. Development of agriculture is agriculture by better methods, such as the shift from rain-fed cultivation to irrigated agriculture. When the mode of production changes from agriculture to manufacture or trade, the mode of production evolves. In that sense, our thesis here is that society evolves.
* Communication develops when it progresses from the human messenger to the postal system, but communication remains communication though all these changes. It continues to be so when the telegraph, telephone and cell phone arrive. Still it is development of communication. Man communicating with another man, from mind to mind, is evolution of communication, not a mere development.
* Education evolves when the method of memorization is given up in favor of understanding.
* From bows and arrows to guns and nuclear weapons, war remains war. It is only a development of weapons. When man exchanges the battlefield for the negotiating table, it represents an evolution in the method of settling disputes.
* From coinage to currency to credit card, Money remains Money. Only its appearance vastly develops. But when our conception of money changes – when we cease to conceive of it merely as a physical thing such as a gold coin and perceive that it is a social organization based on trust, and then the nature of money evolves. While the appearance of money merely develops, we find the content of money evolving.
* When arranged marriages give place to love marriages, it is an evolution of marriage.
* Worship of God evolves when Man discards the priest in favor of direct relationship with God.
* The change from monarchy to democracy is an evolution of governance.
* From catamaran to boat to ship to submarine is only development, while crossing the seas by plane represents an evolution of transport.
* From monkey to ape is development, but the change from the ape to Man is evolutionary.
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