Operation Substance was a British naval operation in July 1941 during the Second World War to escort a convoy from Gibraltar to Malta. The convoy was escorted by six destroyers and covered by aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, the battlecruiser HMS Renown and the battleship HMS Nelson along with cruisers and destroyers. Fairey Fulmar fighters of the RN Fleet Air Arm and RN AA gunners shot down at least 12 Axis aircraft, while six Fulmars were lost.
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