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| - Excerpt from: CSA 2006, Richmond, CSA, 2006 In the defeated CSA, a pro-Mexican government led by John W. Davis was forced upon the country. While the economy worsened, the President, Davis, refused to do anything. In the meantime, a fascist organization called the Sons of the South was formed in 1925. The organization was soon outlawed, but it continued to grow underground until 1931, when it was allowed to participate in Congressional Elections. This was not enough, however, for its leader, General Omar N. Bradley. In 1933, Bradley became Minister of Defense, and took control of the army, appointing his colleagues as Generals. With the army under his hand, he moved in January 1934 against the President. On January 16th, 1934 he overthrew the President and outlawed the constitution. He forced Congress, before dissolving it, to name him President and Leader of the CSA. His coup came as a surprise to Mexico, who decided not to intervene (because of the economic depression). Renewed Problems with the CSA Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 In 1934, after the Bradley coup, Mexico recognized the new country unwillingly. Secretly, the Mexican government tried to overthrow the fascist regime in the CSA, without success. In 1937, President Bradley arrested the Mexican ambassador and his staff for plotting against the government. After much negotiation, the ambassador was released, but left permanent stains on the Mexico-CSA relations. Two year later, the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs was assassinated during a visit to Richmond. The CSA’s government paid the assassin. Without warning, Mexico declared war on the CSA on August 9, 1939. This declaration of war coincided with the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939. Excerpt from: World War II in the CSA, Richmond, CSA, 1967 Mexico and the CSA were both caught unprepared for war. Even tough Mexico had the strongest army in the Americas, its equipment was outdated, and its planes neglected due to the economic depression. The soldiers of the Mexican army wore outdated khaki and trousers, and their guns were no match to the new European arms. In the CSA, the country still had a small military; its few troops were very well armed. President Omar Bradley’s alliance with Nazi Germany had given his country German equipment such as planes, guns, and new ships. The war ended the depression in Mexico very quickly, when old shipyards and factories were reopened and the army was quickly built up. Excerpt from: World War II in the CSA, Richmond, CSA, 1967 The Great War Mexican general, General Pancho Villa was now Commander of the Imperial Defense Force. With his great military experience, he quickly conceived a plan for victory. But in December 1939, the Confederacy already captured New Orleans and Mexican Louisiana. The Mexican army in Louisiana fled to Texas. The Confederates pursued them into Texas where both sides met in Galveston, TX in a bloody battle, which the Mexicans won. The Mexicans were not willing to retake Louisiana just yet, however. From December 1939 to August 1940, the war in the “Deep South” was at a stalemate. However, in August 1940, a stronger Mexican army in Florida crossed the border into Georgia. Meeting only minor resistance in coastal Georgia, the Mexicans continued until they reached Savannah, GA. The much weaker Georgian militia was no match for a superbly trained Mexican army. By September 1940, Savannah and the rest of coastal Georgia had fallen. After reforming, the Mexican army, joined by poor African-Americans (subject to apartheid in the CSA), marched a few miles north to Charleston, SC. The Confederate Army of the Carolinas was ready for battle and offered a real match for the Mexicans. At first, the Confederates held the upper hand. Row after row of Mexican soldiers fell, but on the third day, joined by the 5th Division, 1st Imperial Fleet, the Mexicans pounded on the Confederate rows. By January 15th, 1941, the Confederates fled the city for the north. The Mexicans pursued them north, and defeated the CS troops in Greenville, SC. After being defeated in Greenville, the Confederates (pursued by the Mexicans) moved north to Shiloh, TN. In the Battle of Shiloh, the Confederate troops were defeated by a stronger Mexican army. Ironically; the Confederate general was captured by an African-American, not a Mexican. The battles in South Carolina also meant the beginning of the integration of foreign units in the Mexican Army; in this case, the foreigners were the Confederate African-Americans. From January 1941 to January 1942, the war in the “Deep South” came at a stalemate, again. Meanwhile, in the north, the US’s luck was better than in 1916, with the capture of Maryland (Baltimore), Roanoke, VA, and Kentucky. Although the war on land in the south was at a stalemate, the war at sea was not. The Confederate navy, built up with German investment, attacked the Mexican blockade of the south. The Mexican fleet, joined by the Colombian Navy and the British Royal Navy attacked the Confederates in Norfolk, VA. In February 1942, the most famous naval battle of World War II took place off Cape Hatteras. In the Battle of Cape Hatteras, 5 Mexican battleships heroically fought off 10 Confederate ships. At the end, 3 crippled Mexican ships sank the remaining Confederate vessels. This battle also marked the end of Confederate naval adventures against Mexico. The crews of the 5 ships were awarded the Imperial Order of the Eagle of Mexico. Excerpt from: World War II in the CSA, Richmond, CSA, 1967 After the Mexican campaign in the Carolinas, the Mexican Army, now led by General Felix Diaz, moved north towards Kentucky. The Mexicans marched through the Appalachians along the TN-NC state border. In January 1943, the Mexicans reached Raleigh, NC. The few Confederate defenders quickly surrendered and the Mexicans moved on Norfolk, VA, supported by Marines and the Navy. General Diaz’s complex plan of the attack of Norfolk was ready. Meanwhile in Galveston, Veracruz, and Ciudad Agustin (Brownsville), Marines and armed troops prepared for a huge invasion of Louisiana in New Orleans. Using information from African-American informers in occupied Louisiana, the Mexicans paid attention to every small detail of the invasion. The landing, Operation Libertad, was scheduled for July 1944. In the mean time, African-American rebels destroyed the Confederate supply in New Orleans. In July 1943, the Mexicans launched their first attack on Norfolk, VA. Mexican marines landed on the beaches of the Yorktown Peninsula and Norfolk. Meanwhile Mexican troops laid siege on Norfolk. Mexicans advanced slowly towards the center of Norfolk. In August 1943, the Mexican Air Force pounded on the cities of Hampton, Newport News and Portsmouth. Finally, in November 1943, Mexican troops progressed into Norfolk, taking the city on November 16th, 1943, after the bloodiest battle in North American history. However, Confederate sailors, soldiers, and white citizens resisted the Mexican occupation. From November to December 1943, the Mexican Army and Marines fought a defensive war in the city. Back in Texas and Mexico, the Mexican Marines, Navy, Air Force, and Army prepared Operation Libertad. On July 1st, 1944, while the Mexicans in Norfolk were deadlocked with rebels, Operation Libertad was on the way. On July 2nd, 1944, the Mexicans landed in the swamps of the Mississippi Delta in Louisiana. Meanwhile, Mexican air force parachutes landed near New Orleans. On July 4th, 1944, with the help of African-American rebels, Mexican troops fought their way into New Orleans. The Confederate trenches were no match for the Mexican marines who quickly destroyed the Confederates in New Orleans. However, troops from Mississippi, and Arkansas came to the rescue of the Confederates. Street fighting between the Mexican and the Confederates continued in August and September 1944. In September 1944, Mexican hopes for victory in New Orleans were bleak. The visit in mid-September 1944 of the Empress, Maria Josepha and Prime Minister Manuel Ávila Camacho gave renewed hope to the troops. In October 1944, the Mexicans crossed the Mississippi River from their base in Harvey to downtown New Orleans. On October 13th, 1944, the city fell and the Mexicans marched north, liberating villages along the Mississippi. In December 1944, the Mexicans defeated the Confederates in Lecompte, LA. Excerpt from: World War II in the CSA, Richmond, CSA, 1967 In 1945, the Confederacy was falling apart. US troops entered Missouri and Arkansas, waging a lightning war. Mexican troops in Norfolk finally defeated the rebels and moved to Richmond, the capital. Petersburg was captured on March 28th, 1945. On April 1st, 1945, US, Colombian, and Mexican troops attacked Richmond. The few soldiers remaining in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia tried in vain to save Richmond. On April 15th, 1945, the Confederate President, General Omar Bradley committed suicide. His Vice President, Harry S Truman became Provisional President. The Confederate Congress charged Truman to negotiate the CSA’s surrender. On April 30th, 1945, the Mexican flag flew over Richmond for a second time. However, the war was not over yet. The Confederacy fled to Lynchburg, VA. The Mexicans and Americans followed the Confederates and met the government of Harry S Truman on May 3rd, 1945. For two days after that, the Confederates negotiated with the Americans only. On May 5th, 1945 the Confederate States of America surrendered to the USA. On May 8th, 1945, the CSA surrendered to Mexico and Colombia. The Confederacy’s surrender coincided with Nazi Germany’s and the USSR’s surrender. World War II had ended. Excerpt from: Miguel Alemán Valdés, a Biography, Mexico City, 1966 After the defeat of the Confederacy in 1945, world delegates (from the European Allies and American Allies) met together in Mexico City. The purpose of the meeting: the post-war world. Mexico and Colombia, the two major North American powers to date agreed that no occupation zones would divide the defeated South, and no land concessions were to be made. Although the Americans wanted to gain Maryland, Mexico refused to concede. Even though the CSA would not be occupied, its armed forces were to be disbanded until 1955, and after 1955 limited. The government of the Confederacy was to be replaced by a democratic regime, under a pro-Mexican President. Mexico also demanded equal rights for African-Americans in the Confederacy. The CSA officially accepted, but in practice, the apartheid regime held on in the South. Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 On May 30th, 1945, a Mexican transport plane touched down in Mexico City carrying the first troops returning home. On the airfield, the whole 146th Imperial Marines Division (who had served heroically in Norfolk, VA) was awarded the Imperial Order of San Carlos for bravery by the Empress, Maria Josepha I. The next days, planes landed in a constant succession nationwide. Mexican flags flew everywhere, but on July 4th, 1945, flags flew at half mast to remember the victims of war in the Confederacy. In New Orleans, African-Americans who had been mistreated by the CS troops embraced the Mexican soldiers who had liberated them. Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 World War II had ended the economic slum of the 1930’s and created a new sense of national pride. Flags flew proudly in Mexico City once more. However, there was also much rebuilding to do in Louisiana and in cities that the Confederates had destroyed. In New Orleans, everybody joined in to help rebuild. The returning troops came back to civilian life; sometimes it was hard for them to find a civilian job. However, nationwide, jobs were created in the defense sector, building sector, and industrial sector. Excerpt from: The Inter-National Organization (INO) History, Geneva, CH, 1999 Mexican Prime Minister Miguel Alemán Valdés had proposed his idea for a world organization in Geneva in 1946. On July 6th, 1947, delegates from world nations met in Mexico City to discuss the idea. On November, 18th, 1948, they met again to finalize the charter for the Inter-National Organization (INO). The organization’s headquarters were to be in Mexico City and the INO would be composed of a Defense and Security Agency (DSA), International Co-Operation Agency (ICOA), and a World Economic Agency (WEA). The Confederacy refused to join on the principle that the charter stated “Humans of all races are created equal”. Several other nations including France, Italy, and the UK were skeptical about the idea. This marked the beginning of two competing powers: Mexico and the CSA. Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 On October, 26th, 1949, Empress Maria Josepha died of a heart attack. The Prince Imperial, Don Maximilian de Iturbide-Habsburg became “Emperor of Mexico, Prince of the Treasury, Protector of the Constitution, and Commander of the Imperial Armed Forces of Mexico.” He was crowned with great pomp in Mexico City’s cathedral on December, 25th, 1949. The new emperor was known for his heroic participation in the war, and for his open views. Many world personalities attended the crowning of Maximilian. To cite a few, President Eisenhower of the USA, President De Gaulle of France, and Tsar Alexei II of Russia. Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 Emperor Maximilian I immediately went forward with his greatest desire: “A More Perfect Mexican Society.” He visited poor farmers and citizens throughout the country, and established the “Imperial Charity Fund” for poor citizens. He set aside money to help poor people build better homes and/or farms. This move was highly popular among the lower classes. In 1954, Maximilian set a precedent by moving from the Palace of Chapultepec to the Palacio de Iturbide in the city. Excerpt from: Belize: Provincial Guide, Ciudad Belize, 1995 In 1960, the British colony of British Honduras gained independence as Belize. The country was soon split by two rival governments: the communist People’s Republic of Belize and the fascist Republic of Belize. Both sides asked Mexican help in the new civil war. Mexico refused to participate in the civil war on the principle of “We mind our own business.” In 1963, the fascist Republic of Belize came out as the victor of the civil war. However, the new Belize government was surprised when the people revolted and demanded annexation by Mexico. On December, 15th, 1963, the Republic of Belize was annexed by the Empire of Mexico. Excerpt from: ISA: To the cosmos, Mexico City, 2004 In 1965, Congress voted in favor of creating a space exploration program. The new space program, the Imperial Space Agency (ISA) was inaugurated in December 1966, and by 1967, 15 astronauts had been formed. Mexico made history in 1968 by launching the first satellite (unmanned). On September, 11th, 1969, Mexican astronaut Lt. Colonel Jose Emanuel Garcia became the first man in space. The 45-year old air force colonel had orbited the earth. Manned satellites launchings increased in the early 1970’s. In 1976, Mexico launched Montezuma, the first space rocket. In 1977, Emperor Maximilian announced his goal to reach the moon by 1985. Preparations on Mission Aztecos (Mexican moon mission) began in 1976. On August, 30th, 1983, Aztec I blasted off carrying the vessel Luna Mexico. On September, 1st, 1983, Lt. Colonel Jose Emanuel Garcia, Luis Cardenas, and H.I.H. Prince Carlos de Iturbide-Habsburg landed on the surface of the moon. The Mexican flag was planted on September, 2nd, 1983. Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 While Mexico was often seen as the head of the INO group, the non-members were often seen as the Confederacy’s allies. Among the Mexican allies were Colombia, the US, New England, India, Australia, Manchukuo, Germany, and many African nations. Meanwhile, the CSA’s allies were Russia, France, the UK, Italy, Portugal, Egypt, South Africa, and Brazil. Both world powers never fought their differences out, but many diplomatic incidents deteriorated their relations over the 1970’s. In the 1980’s, the CBI (Confederate Bureau of Investigation) arrested many pro-Mexicans southerners. This move alienated pro-CSA Mexicans. During this time, Mexico developed highly sophisticated nuclear devices and weapons in the case of a war with the Confederacy. The CSA also developed nuclear devices. Excerpt from: Mexico and CSA: A Story of Hatred, Mexico City, 2004 In 1990, the Confederate President and the Mexican Prime Minister met in Havana, Cuba to normalize relations. Although both countries maintained embassies in each other’s country, the relations were often strained due to numerous incidents between the two nations. The Mexican and Confederate leaders agreed to re-open closed portions of the MX-CS border, to normalize relations, and reduce nuclear power and troops numbers. Mexico also asked the Confederate President “an end to the apartheid regime.” The Confederacy refused (although President Bill Clinton ended apartheid in 2005). Excerpt from: The Encyclopedia of Mexico, Mexico City, 2006 Today, Mexico is a democratic monarchy. Since 1821, the country has greatly developed: roads were built, aircraft were built, a strong military was also built. But most importantly, a modern, safe, democratic, and advanced nation was built up under the House of Iturbide-Habsburg. The country is often regarded as a model for democracy in the world, and as the leading world power. Although the country is a prosperous nation, like every other nation, it has problems. On the border with the CSA, many African-Americans cross illegally into Mexico.
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