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| - Diabetes mellitus (Type 1) is a disease which results from the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin, which regulates the uptake of sugar to the body's cells. As a result, sugar builds up in the blood until the patient goes into a coma. Although there are other diseases called diabetes, this form of the disease is what is usually meant when no other word is used to modify it. Until the early 20th century, a diagnosis of diabetes meant certain death. However, the discovery that there was a hormone produced by the pancreas known as insulin and its subsequent isolation allow diabetics to lead fairly normal lives. The isolation of insulin also gave birth to the modern medical science of endocrinology.
- The word diabetes comes from the Greek word that means to “go through” and mellitus comes from the Latin word “sweet”. This word can be traced back to first century AD. It was described by a person of having a chronic longing for their thirst be quenched. They also described their urine of having a distinct sweet smell. There was no treatment for diabetes until 1922 where two men by the name of Banting and Best discovered insulin. In today’s term diabetes is disorder in where carbohydrates, protein, and fats have a problem metabolizing because either the pancreas which produces insulin does not produce enough or that cells do not respond to the affects of insulin.
- The term 'diabetes' derived from the greek word diabainein that means "passing through" or "siphon", a reference to one of its major symptoms- exccesive urine produnction was coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia (Saxena et al, 2008)*. Diabetes mellitus (pronounced /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtiːz/ or /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtɨs/; /mɨˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlɨtəs/), often referred to simply as diabetes , is a syndrome of a disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).[2] Blood glucose levels are controlled by a complex interaction of multiple chemicals and hormones in the body, including the hormone insulin made in the beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus refers to the group of diseases that lead to high blood glu
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| abstract
| - The word diabetes comes from the Greek word that means to “go through” and mellitus comes from the Latin word “sweet”. This word can be traced back to first century AD. It was described by a person of having a chronic longing for their thirst be quenched. They also described their urine of having a distinct sweet smell. There was no treatment for diabetes until 1922 where two men by the name of Banting and Best discovered insulin. In today’s term diabetes is disorder in where carbohydrates, protein, and fats have a problem metabolizing because either the pancreas which produces insulin does not produce enough or that cells do not respond to the affects of insulin. The American Diabetres Association estimates that 20.8 million people in the United States have diabetes -- 7% of the total population. An estimated 14.6 million people have been diagnosied with diabetes, unfortunately 6.2 million are unaware that they have the disease. Although diabetes mellitus is a disorder regarding insulin, it is not a single disease. A revised classification developed in 1997 by the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus divides diabetes into four clinical classes. There are several types of diabetes mellitus:
* Type 1 diabetes
* Type 2 diabetes
* Gestational diabetes
* Other specific types , which occur secondary to other conditions (ex. Cushing Syndrome, Acromegaly, and Pancreatitis)
- Diabetes mellitus (Type 1) is a disease which results from the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin, which regulates the uptake of sugar to the body's cells. As a result, sugar builds up in the blood until the patient goes into a coma. Although there are other diseases called diabetes, this form of the disease is what is usually meant when no other word is used to modify it. Until the early 20th century, a diagnosis of diabetes meant certain death. However, the discovery that there was a hormone produced by the pancreas known as insulin and its subsequent isolation allow diabetics to lead fairly normal lives. The isolation of insulin also gave birth to the modern medical science of endocrinology. Diabetes has been known since ancient times. The Roman physician Celcus diagnosed the disease by tasting a patient's urine, which would take on a sweet taste due to the sugar in it (diabetes mellitus literally meaning sweet urine). However, it could also be diagnosed by seeing if insects would be attracted to the sugar in a patient's urine. Nowadays, the disease is diagnosed with blood tests and urine tests, both of which show higher than normal levels of sugar. In a normal person, sugar in the bloodstream triggers the pancreas to produce insulin, which allows the sugar in the blood to be rapidly absorbed into cells. As a result, the sugar is converted to glycogen (stored sugar) if there is a surplus. In a patient with diabetes, the sugar remains the bloodstream, and the kidneys filter it out along with urea. However, the sugar in the urine concentrates the urine, requiring more water in the body in order to allow the kidneys to function to remove it, resulting in severe thirst. In addition, the patient can no longer take up sugar when exterting themselves, and as a result is easily fatigued. The excess sugar also interferes with the body's ability to heal itself. Insulin is destroyed by stomach acid and patients must inject it, usually twice a day. Although this allows the body to metabolize sugar, it does not allow full control of the level of insulin or blood sugar. As a result, diabetics must eat regularly, avoid high carbohydrate foods and monitor their blood sugar as often as possible. Diabetes is a dangerous condition and improper management of insulin or food can lead to blood sugar either becoming too high if not enough insulin is taken, or too low if too much is taken. Either situation can quickly lead to disorientation and coma. Luckily, either condition can be treated quickly, either by administering intravenous glucose to patients with low blood sugar or insulin to patients with high blood sugar. In addition, the coma is not immediately life threatening, and patients have been known to remain in a coma for hours before being treated. When insulin was first made available, patients in what appeared to be fatal comas were immediately revived and went on to live normal lives. The only option for insulin therapy used to be insulin extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered pigs which, though not identical to human insulin, was close enough to function and causes no side effects. However, with medical advancements, artificial insulin is now produced and used to treat Type 1 diabetics. Lantus (continuous acting insulin) and Novolog (fast acting insulin) are the two most used types of artificial insulin. If diabetes is not managed properly means; if the blood sugar is not controlled within nominal level for prolong period can cause many complications called as diabetes complications. Some of the common diabetes complications are nerve damage, kidney problems, eye problems, heart attack, stroke and erectile dysfunction. But diabetes complications can be avoided by proper diabetes management.
- The term 'diabetes' derived from the greek word diabainein that means "passing through" or "siphon", a reference to one of its major symptoms- exccesive urine produnction was coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia (Saxena et al, 2008)*. Diabetes mellitus (pronounced /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtiːz/ or /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtɨs/; /mɨˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlɨtəs/), often referred to simply as diabetes , is a syndrome of a disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of hereditary and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia).[2] Blood glucose levels are controlled by a complex interaction of multiple chemicals and hormones in the body, including the hormone insulin made in the beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus refers to the group of diseases that lead to high blood glucose levels due to defects in either insulin secretion or insulin action in the body. Diabetes develops due to a diminished production of insulin (in type 1) or resistance to its effects (in type 2 and gestational). Both lead to hyperglycemia, which largely causes the acute signs of diabetes: excessive urine production, resulting compensatory thirst and increased fluid intake, blurred vision, unexplained weight loss, lethargy, and changes in energy metabolism. All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became medically available in 1921, but there is no cure. The injections by a syringe, insulin pump, or insulin pen deliver insulin, which is a basic treatment of type 1 diabetes. Type 2 is managed with a combination of dietary treatment, exercise, medications and insulin supplementation. Diabetes and its treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications including hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma may occur if the disease is not adequately controlled. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal damage, which can lead to blindness, several types of nerve damage, and microvascular damage, which may cause erectile dysfunction and poor wound healing. Poor healing of wounds, particularly of the feet, can lead to gangrene, and possibly to amputation. Adequate treatment of diabetes, as well as increased emphasis on blood pressure control and lifestyle factors such as not smoking and maintaining a healthy body weight, may improve the risk profile of most of the chronic complications. In the developed world, diabetes is the most significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly and the leading cause of non-traumatic amputation in adults, and diabetic nephropathy is the main illness requiring renal dialysis in the United States.
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