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| - Northern Europe: King Frederick I of Germany dies without male issue. His appointed heir is his nephew Hermann, second son of the king of Luxemburg Giselbert I, but again the German dukes have other ideas and support one of their own, the ambitious Rudolf von Rheinfelden. After two years of infighting, treasons and small indecisive battles :confused: , a most important agreement is reached by Papal mediation at the Diet of Lüneburg, where the electoral character of the German crown ;) is officially sanctioned. The dukes of Saxony (which is now ruled by almost a century by the Billungs family), Bavaria, Thuringia, Franconia (now Hermann himself), Swabia, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the archbishops of Trier, Mainz, Cologne and Salzburg will choose the German king, with the last word to be
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| abstract
| - Northern Europe: King Frederick I of Germany dies without male issue. His appointed heir is his nephew Hermann, second son of the king of Luxemburg Giselbert I, but again the German dukes have other ideas and support one of their own, the ambitious Rudolf von Rheinfelden. After two years of infighting, treasons and small indecisive battles :confused: , a most important agreement is reached by Papal mediation at the Diet of Lüneburg, where the electoral character of the German crown ;) is officially sanctioned. The dukes of Saxony (which is now ruled by almost a century by the Billungs family), Bavaria, Thuringia, Franconia (now Hermann himself), Swabia, the Patriarch of Aquileia and the archbishops of Trier, Mainz, Cologne and Salzburg will choose the German king, with the last word to be left to the Pope in the case of a tie in the votes. The Electors appoint Hermann I as king, thus keeping the Luxemburg family in the throne; Rudolf marries Gisela, one of Hermann's sisters, and is made duke of Swabia (which hadn't a ruler in the last years). 1061 Southern Europe: Pope-king Nicholas II dies after a brief but fruitful pontificate to be succeeded by John XVIII (*OTL Alexander II, the Milanese Anselmo da Baggio). Also king Pipino I of Lombardy dies of old age and is succeeded on the throne at Pavia by his nephew, Arduino II. Bari heroically resists a Venetian-Norman siege until Western imperial forces break the siege by land; the free trading city is now recognized as an independent, if nominally imperial, republic, and the Venetians are bought off :rolleyes: by emperor John II. 1061-1063 Southern Europe: A serious civil war rages in Lombardy, where Milan starts vying with Pavia to host the capital of the kingdom, and allies with Guido, count of Pombia and Biandrate. Guido, a distant cousin of king Arduino II, self-proclaims king and occupies Ivrea. After two years of pitched battles and ecclesiastical strife (with the bishop of Pavia self-styling archbishop), the Milanese army prevails at the battle of Campomorto, but Guido dies on the battlefield:p . Arduino II is finally accepted as king, but has to be re-crowned in Milan by the Milanese Archbishop Guido da Velate. Central-Eastern Europe: King Boleslaw II of Poland retakes upper Slovakia from Hungary. Central Asia, Middle East: Fars (southern Persia) is taken over by the Kurdish Shabankarai clan, which will prove able to successfully resist later Seljuk comebacks. North Africa: The Zenete Compact invades Mauretania (*OTL Morocco): in the southern reaches of the country they found Murnathya (*OTL Marrakech) as their capital. Banu Hilal raiders from Tripoli (Libia) fiercely sack southern Ifrigia (later Punia, *OTL Tunisia) and recapture Djirva (*OTL Djerba) from Christian hands, making it again a nest of Muslim piracy 1062-1063 Southern Europe: An anti-Pope, Honorius II, is appointed by the supporters of king Arduino II and marches to Rome, briefly expelling the legitimate John XVIII (*OTL Alexander II). He is driven from the city by a revolt :D and later forced to renounce his claim as a synod in Mantua recognizes John the sole true Pope 1062-1066 Northern Hesperia (*OTL America): A tiny Norse colony established in what will be later called New Palestine (*OTL Massachussetts) :cool: is overwhelmed and destroyed by the local Skraelings (Hesperindian [*Amerindian] natives) Northern Europe: Berchtold von Zähringen is made the first margrave of Baden (SW Germany, a part of Swabia). Southern Europe: Western imperial forces resume the war against the encroaching Norman, but these, led by the Hauteville brothers, gain the upper hand and score a major victory at the battle of the Torano (upper Campania) British isles: Harold Godwinson, earl of Wessex, invades Wales clashing with the fierce resistance of Gruffydd ap Llewellyn's forces. Although outnumbered by better equiped Englishmen, the Welsh hold them off. 1064 Byzantine Empire: The Ouzoi/Oghuz swarm through the Sklaviniai (*OTL Balkans) up to Greece, pillaging and massacring, until they are mostly finished off by epidemics, Byzantine generals and local Slavic clans. In the meantime basileus Constantine IX (*not OTL's one) dies of old age in Constantinople and is succeeded by his son-in-law, Michael I, a high civil servant Caucasus, Middle East: The Seljuk Turks :eek: invade Armenia crushing the last independent Armenian state in Vannadopolis/Kars and take Ani. The Marwanids of Amida/Diyarbakir (Kurdistan) ally with the new invaders to oust the Byzantines from Edessa (*OTL Urfa); Aleppo's Byzantine-Mirdasid garrison instead holds against a Seljuk raid. Central Asia: Alp Arslan crushes his rivals in the battle of Rayy (Persia/Iran) and becomes the only sultan of the rapidly expanding Seljuk empire. 1065 British isles: Morcar, son of earl Alfgar of Mercia, overthrows earl Tostig Godwinson of Northumbria on orders from Tostig's own brother, Harold of Wessex. Tostig takes refuge in Norway at Harald Hardradi's court. Exploiting the English internecine strife, Gruffydd ap Llewellyn is able to soundly defeat the Anglo-Saxons at Ludlow :p and the Welsh border is anew set along the Severn river. The Jarls of the Orkneys lose control over the Isle of Man and the Hebrides. Westminster Abbey is consecrated Western Europe: France and Burgundy jointly invade Lorraine to wrest it for good from Luxemburgian hands, but the war soon bogs down in a number of petty skirmishes, owing also the disloyal conduct of many French and Burgundian feudatories who are easily bought off with small land grants and money :o Southern Europe: The Peace of Naples recognizes the Norman principalities of Gaeta, Capua and Boiano and the county of Puglia (actually only Capitanata, northern Puglia) as fully sovereign states. The shrewd Hauteville brothers, the formemost Norman leaders, give back some land in Abruzzo to the Papal kingdom of Italy/Spoleto to ensure its future friendly attitude in case of further conflicts :cool: . Middle East: Arab raiders exterminate a 7000-strong column of German Christian pilgrims near Caesarea (Palestine), including several high prelates :mad: . Such is the end of the greatest European mass pilgrimage to the Holy Land since centuries, causing great outrage in the Catholic world. :mad:
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