| abstract
| - Yips is the state where the user freezes up and simply cannot move. According to Volk, when a player keeps up a perfect appearance and shows no opening in their play, doubt creeps into the opponent and significantly affects the opponent's motivation and self-confidence, both dropping until the opponent is afflicted and plunged deep into the state of yips. Kintarou Tooyama describes his experience of yips as "...like your body no longer wants to cross the net or move at all." Yips can be induced into the opponent in either singles or doubles matches. Yukimura induces yips into his opponents by effortlessly but formidably returning all of the opponents shots with ease, making them think they can never score. After some time, the opponent will see visions reinforcing that feeling even further. As he does this, he takes away the opponent's five senses that eventually leaves them in a black void. Normally people lose motivation after a certain point. However, yips can be broken out of through feelings of either joy or formidable resolve. Echizen and Sanada both continued to struggle and eventually managed to break out of Yips with Teni MuhÅ no Kiwami (Pinnacle of Perfection) and Black Aura respectively. Yukimura broke out of yips in his feelings and affirmation that he finds happiness in tennis by being stronger than everyone else, while Volk was completely unaffected by Yukimura's play style, unlike his partner Falkensteiner.
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