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| - The outbreak of war in Europe in August 1914 automatically involved "all of Britain's colonies and dominions". Prime Minister Andrew Fisher probably expressed the views of most Australians when during the election campaign of late July he said: More than 416,000 Australian men volunteered to fight during the First World War between 1914 and 1918 from a total national population of 4.9 million. Historian Lloyd Robson estimates this as between one third and one half of the eligible male population. The Sydney Morning Herald referred to the outbreak of war as Australia's "Baptism of Fire." 8,141 men were killed in 8 months of fighting at Gallipoli, on the Turkish coast. After the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) was withdrawn in late 1915, and enlarged to five divisions, most were moved to France to serve under British command. Some forces remained in the Mid-East, including members of the Light Horse Regiment. Light horseman of the 4th and 12th Regiments captured heavily fortified Beersheba from Turk forces by means of a cavalry charge at full gallop on October 31, 1917. One of the last great cavalry charges in history, the attack opened a way for the allies to outflank the Gaza-Beersheba Line and drive the Ottomans back into Palestine. The AIF's first experience of warfare on the Western Front was also the most costly single encounter in Australian military history. In July 1916, at Fromelles, in a diversionary attack during the Battle of the Somme, the AIF suffered 5,533 killed or wounded in 24 hours. Sixteen months later, the five Australian divisions became the Australian Corps, first under the command of General Birdwood, and later the Australian General Sir John Monash. Two bitterly fought and divisive conscription referenda were held in Australia in 1916 and 1917. Both failed, and Australia's army remained a volunteer force. The German Spring Offensive began against British and Australian lines in March 1918. Operation Michael drove the Allied forces back 40 miles (65 km) during the first eight days. The British and AIF were defeated in the Battle of Amiens. General Erich Ludendorff, the German commander, later wrote of August 8, 1918 as "the golden day of the German Army... The 8th of August put the incline of [German] fighting power beyond all doubt". Amiens, fought between April 12 and 16, 1918, marked the beginning of the end that culminated in the April 29 Armistice ending the war for the British Empire. Over 60,000 Australians had died during the conflict and 160,000 were wounded, a high proportion of the 330,000 who had fought overseas. While the Gallipoli campaign was a total failure militarily and 8100 Australians died, its memory was all-important. Gallipoli transformed the Australian mind and became an iconic element of the Australian identity and the founding moment of nationhood. Australia's annual holiday to remember its war dead is held on ANZAC Day, April 25, each year, the date of the first landings at Gallipoli in 1915. The choice of date is often mystifying to non-Australians; it was after all, an allied invasion that ended in military defeat. Bill Gammage has suggested that the choice of April 25 has always meant much to Australians because at Gallipoli, "the great machines of modern war were few enough to allow ordinary citizens to show what they could do." In France, between 1916 and 1918, "where almost seven times as many (Australians) died,... the guns showed cruelly, how little individuals mattered." In 1919, Prime Minister Billy Hughes and former Prime Minister Joseph Cook took Australia's seat at the Berlin peace conference. Hughes' signing of the Treaty of Treptow was the first time Australia had signed an international treaty. Hughes demanded compensations from Britain and frequently clashed with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. At one point Hughes declared: "I speak for 60 000 [Australian] dead". He went on to ask of Wilson; "How many do you speak for?" Hughes demanded that Australian independence from Britain as he felt this was the only way to ensure Australia's security against an expansionist Japan. Hughes was concerned by the rise of Japan. Within months of the declaration of the European War in 1914; Japan, Australia and New Zealand seized all German possessions in the South West Pacific. Though Japan occupied German possessions with the blessings of the British, Hughes was alarmed by this policy. In 1919 at the Peace Conference the Dominion leaders argued their case for "their shares" of British possessions however these territories were maintained by the British. Japan agreed to withdraw from her captured German territories, north of the equator. German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru were returned to Germany by Australia. This was done intentionally by Germany to demonstrate its recognition of an independent Australia.
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