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| - Wikipedia Article About Soy milk on Wikipedia Soy milk (also called soymilk, soya milk, soybean milk, soy bean milk, soy drink, or soy beverage) is a milk-like product made from soybeans. Soy milk originated in Eastern Asia, China, a region where the soybean was native and used as food long before the existence of written records. Later on, the soybean and soybean foods were transplanted to Japan. Soybean or "vegetable" milk is reputed to have been discovered and developed by Liu An of the Han Dynasty in China about 164 B.C. Liu An is also credited with the development of "doufu"(soybean curd) in China which 900 years later spread to Japan where it is known as tofu. Soy milk is cholesterol free and low in sodium, fat and calcium, but high in protein and rich in iron. Check the label, since brands may vary on the amount of nutrients added to their product. This milk is available in a liquid or powder form and as a low fat or whole milk beverage. Soy milk has a tendency to curdle when combined with acidic foods, unlike cow's milk, which does not. It can be substituted for cow's milk in many recipes, working well for baked desserts, dips, sauces, soups, and stews. However, since it contains very little saturated fat, it will not set up as well as a dairy milk and therfore, does not work well for some sweet fillings for pies, pastries, baked goods, puddings, and yogurt. Soybean's oil and protein is to the germinating soy seedling as casein, milk protein, and milk fat is to a baby mammal: food-nutrients for growth. Traditional soy milk, a stable emulsion of oil, water and protein, is simply an aqueous extract of whole soybeans. Soy milk contains about the same proportion of protein as cow's milk~ around 3.5%; also 2% fat, 2.9% carbohydrate and 0.5% ash. The Mandarin Chinese term for what English speakers call soy milk is dòu jiāng (豆漿; literally "soy liquid"). In western nations, soy milk is more commonly sold under the term dòu nǎi (豆奶; lit. "soy milk") than dòu jiāng (豆漿), although the two terms are often used interchangeably. However, there is a product in China that is called dòu nǎi (豆奶) which is a dry miscible powder made of both cow and soy milk. The Japanese term for soy milk is tounyū (豆乳).
- Soy milk (also called soya milk, soymilk, soybean milk, or soy juice) and sometimes referred to as soy drink/beverage is a beverage made from soybeans. A stable emulsion of oil, water, and protein, it is produced by soaking dry soybeans and grinding them with water. Soy milk contains about the same proportion of protein as cow's milk: around 3.5%; also 2% fat, 2.9% carbohydrate, and 0.5% ash. Soy milk can be made at home with traditional kitchen tools or with a soy milk machine. The coagulated protein from soy milk can be made into tofu, just as dairy milk can be made into cheese.
- [[Image:Soymilk can and glass.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A can of [[Yeo's]] soy milk, poured into a glass]][[Image:Soy milk cafe frappe.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Greek [[Greek frappé coffee|Café Frappé]] prepared with soy milk, topped with additional [[cinnamon]]]]'''Soy milk''' (also called '''soya milk''', '''soybean milk''', or '''soy juice''') and sometimes referred to as '''soy drink/beverage''' is a beverage made from [[soybean]]s. A stable [[emulsion]] of oil, water, and [[protein]], it is produced by soaking dry soybeans and grinding them with water. Soy milk contains about the same proportion of [[protein]] as cow's milk: around 3.5%; also 2% [[fat]], 2.9% [[carbohydrate]], and 0.5% [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]]. Soy milk can be made at home with traditional kitchen tools or with a [[Soy milk maker|soy milk machine]].The coagulated protein from soy milk can be made into [[Tofu]], just as dairy [[milk]] can be made into [[cheese]].== Origins ==The oldest evidence of soy milk production is from [[China]] where a kitchen scene proving use of soy milk is incised on a stone slab dated around A.D. 25~220. It also appeared in a chapter called Four Taboos (Szu-Hui) in the A.D. 82 book called ''[[Lunheng]]'' by [[Wang Chong]], possibly the first written record of soy milk. Evidence of soy milk is rare prior to the 20th century and widespread usage before then is unlikely.According to popular tradition in China, soy milk was developed by [[Liu An]] for medicinal purposes, although there is no historical evidence for this legend. This legend appeared in the late 15th century in [[Bencao Gangmu]], where Li was attributed to the development of tofu with no mention of soy milk. Later writers in Asia and the West additionally attributed development of soy milk development to Liu An, assuming that he could not have made tofu without making soy milk. However, it is likely that Liu An has been falsely attributed to the development of tofu by writers 1000 years after his time.== Cultural terms ==The most common [[Chinese language|Chinese]] terms for soy milk are "豆漿" ([[Pinyin]]: ''dòu jiāng''; lit. ''bean'' + ''a thick liquid'') and "豆奶" ([[Pinyin]]: ''dòu nǎi''; lit. ''bean'' + ''milk'').The [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term for soy milk is ''tōnyū'' (豆乳). In [[Singapore]], it is known as ''tau-huey-tzui'' (豆花水) in the local Hokkien dialect while in Malaysia it is known as "susu soya" or "air tauhu" in the local Malay language.In Korea, "두유(豆乳)" is the word for representing soy milk. "두" and "유" represent soy and milk, respectively.== Prevalence ==In the West, soymilk has become a popular alternative to cow's milk, with a roughly similar protein and fat content. In some Western countries where [[veganism]] has made inroads, it is available upon request at [[café]]s and [[coffee]] franchises as a cow's [[milk substitute]], usually at an extra cost.The drink has proved to be very popular in the [[Hawker (trade)|hawker]] environment of [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] with it being a standard offering at the numerous coffee shops and hawker centers around the island. The soybean milk, known locally as ''tau chui'' or "air tauhu/ susu soya" (in Malay literally tofu water or soy milk) is flavored with either a white or brown sugar syrup. The consumer also has the option to add [[grass jelly]], known as ''leong fan'' or "cincau" (in the Malay language) to the beverage. Sellers of soybean milk in Penang usually also offer [[douhua|bean curd]], a related custard-like dessert, known to the locals as ''tau hua'' which is flavored with the same syrup as the soybean milk.Soy milk is commonly available in [[vanilla]] and [[chocolate]] flavors as well as its original unflavored form. Plain soy milk is unsweetened, although some soy milk products are sweetened. Salty soy milk is prevalent in China, while it is non-existent in other cultures.[[Yeo Hiap Seng|Yeo's]], a drink manufacturer in Singapore and Malaysia, is marketing a commercialized tinned or boxed version of soybean milk.== Health =====Health benefits===Soy milk is nutritionally close to cow's [[milk]]. It naturally has about the same amount of [[protein]] (though not the same [[amino acid]] profile) as cow's milk. Natural soy milk contains little digestible [[calcium]] as it is bound to the bean's [[soy pulp|pulp]], which is insoluble in a human. To counter this, many manufacturers enrich their products with [[calcium carbonate]] available to human digestion. Unlike cow's milk, it has little [[saturated fat]] and no [[cholesterol]]. Soy products contain [[sucrose]] as the basic [[disaccharide]], which breaks down into [[glucose]] and [[fructose]]. Since soy doesn't contain [[galactose]], a product of lactose breakdown, soy-based infant formulas can safely replace breast milk in children with [[galactosemia]].Soy milk is promoted as a healthy alternative to cow's milk for reasons including:*Source of [[lecithin]] and [[vitamin E]]*Lacks [[casein]]*It is safe for people with [[lactose intolerance]] or [[milk allergy]]*Contains far less saturated fat than cow's milk.*Contains [[isoflavones]], [[organic chemicals]] that may possibly be beneficial to health.In 1995, the [[New England Journal of Medicine]] (Vol.333, No. 5) published a report from the [[University of Kentucky]] entitled "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids." It was financed by the PTI division of DuPont, The Solae Co of St. Louis. This meta-analysis concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein ([[Low-density lipoprotein|LDL]], bad cholesterol), and triglyceride concentrations. However, high density lipoprotein ([[High density lipoprotein|HDL]], good cholesterol) did not increase. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. In 1998, on the basis of this research, PTI filed a petition with FDA for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease. The the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." One serving of soy milk (1 cup or 240 mL), for instance, contains 6 or 7 grams of soy protein.In January 2006, an [[American Heart Association]] review (in the journal ''Circulation'') of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits cast doubt on the FDA-allowed "Heart Healthy" claim for soy protein. The panel also found that soy isoflavones do not reduce post-menopause "hot flashes" in women, nor do isoflavones help prevent cancers of the breast, uterus, or prostate. Among the conclusions, the authors state, "In contrast, soy products such as tofu, soy butter, [[soy nut]]s, or some soy burgers should be beneficial to cardiovascular and overall health because of their high content of polyunsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, and minerals and low content of saturated fat. Using these and other soy foods to replace foods high in animal protein that contain saturated fat and cholesterol may confer benefits to cardiovascular health."=== Negative health effects ==={{See also|Soybean#Health_risks}}However, the soy industry has also received similar criticism for reasons which include (but are not limited to) the following:* A 2008 study found that men who consume an average of half a portion of soy products per day are more likely to have a lower concentration of sperm. Critics of the study have claimed that the decrease in concentration was due to a corresponding increase in ejaculate volume. While the study found a decreasing trend in sperm concentration with soy intake, it also notes that soy food and isoflavone intake were unrelated to total sperm count, ejaculate volume, sperm motility, or sperm morphology and that the clinical significance of the findings remains to be determined.* High levels of [[phytic acid]] bind to important nutrients like [[calcium]], [[magnesium]], [[iron]], and zinc during digestion. However, as a comparison, [[cow's milk]] is known for significantly slowing down the absorption of iron and, additionally, [[calcium]] from other than [[dairy]] sources (like [[kale]], [[sesame]]).{{Fact|date=November 2008}}Many manufacturers of soymilk utilize a food additive called carrageenan in their formulas as a thickener. Carrageenan is extracted from seaweed using powerful solvents, and certain forms of it have been implicated in various human cancers and digestive disorders. Regardless of the debated health issues surrounding carrageenan, it is one reason that some people conclude that they are "allergic" to soy milk when they have digestive upset after consuming brands with carageenan. Several brands of soymilk do not contain ref>, and so are preferable for sensitive persons. Persons with interstitial cystitis may need to eliminate all soy milk from their diets, as even carrageenen-free versions often irritate the bladder and cause "flares".Although soy milk is not generally suitable for babies or infants, some baby formulas based on soy protein are used primarily in the case of [[Lactose intolerance|lactose intolerant]] children, those allergic to cow's milk, or parental preference for a [[vegetarian]] or [[vegan]] diet. These formulas commonly contain extra carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, and minerals. However, care must also be taken to avoid feeding soy milk to children with "soy protein intolerance".== Preparation ==Soy milk can be made from whole soybeans or full-fat soy flour. The dry beans are soaked in water overnight or for a minimum of 3 hours or more depending on the temperature of the water. The rehydrated beans then undergo wet grinding with enough added water to give the desired solids content to the final product. The ratio of water to beans on a weight basis should be about 10:1. The resulting slurry or purée is brought to a boil in order to improve its nutritional value by heat inactivating soybean [[trypsin inhibitor]], improve its flavor and to sterilize the product. Heating at or near the boiling point is continued for a period of time, 15-20 minutes, followed by the removal of an insoluble residue ([[soy pulp]] fiber or ''okara'') by filtration.There is a simple yet profound difference between traditional Chinese and Japanese soy milk processing: the Chinese method boils the filtrate (soy milk) after a cold filtration, while the Japanese method boils the slurry first, followed by hot filtration of the slurry. The latter method results in a higher yield of soy milk but requires the use of an [[anti-foaming agent]] or natural defoamer during the boiling step. Bringing filtered soy milk to a boil avoids the problem of foaming. It is generally opaque, white or off-white in color, and approximately the same consistency as cow's milk.For all raw soybean protein products heat is necessary to destroy the activity of the protease inhibitors naturally present in the soybean. The pancreas naturally secretes proteases to digest a protein meal. Eating raw soybeans on a regular basis causes the pancreas to hypersecrete, leading to benign tumors of the pancreas (just like exercise causes muscles to develop hypertrophy). This is why the above heating to properly prepare soymilk is essential for fatty acid breakdown.When soybeans absorb water, the endogenous enzyme, [[Lipoxygenase]] (LOX), EC 1.13.11.12 linoleate:oxidoreductase, catalyzes a reaction between polyunsaturated fatty acids and [[oxygen]] {hydroperoxidation}. LOX initiates the formation of [[free radicals]], which can then attack other cell components. Soybean seeds are the richest known sources of LOXs. It is thought to be a defensive mechanism by the soybean against fungal invasion.In 1967, experiments at [[Cornell University]] and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, NY led to the discovery that paint-like, off-flavors of traditional soy milk can be prevented from forming by a rapid hydration grinding process of dehulled beans at temperatures above 80 °C. The quick moist heat treatment inactivates the LOX enzyme before it can have a significant negative effect on flavor. All modern bland soy milks have been heat treated in this manner to destroy LOX.Normal mature soybeans actually contain three LOX [[isozymes]] (SBL-1, SBL-2, and SBL-3) important for undesirable flavor development. One or more of these isozymes have recently (1998) been removed genetically from soybeans yielding soy milk with less cooked beany aroma and flavor and less astringency. An example of a triple LOX-free soybean is the American soybean named "Laura".The University of Illinois has developed a soy milk that makes use of the entire soybean. What would normally constitute "insolubles" are ground so small by [[homogenization]] as to be in permanent suspension.Commercial products labeled "soy drink" in the West are often derivatives of soy milk containing more water or added ingredients.== Cooking ==[[Image:Soy milk bottles.jpg|thumb|250px|Bottled soy milk sold in Thailand, usual basics and cooking staples]]Soy milk is found in many [[vegan]] and [[vegetarian food]] products and can be used as a replacement for cow's milk in many recipes."Sweet" and "salty" soy milk are both traditional Chinese breakfast foods, served either hot or cold, usually accompanied by breads like [[mantou]] (steamed rolls), ''[[youtiao]]'' (deep-fried dough), and [[shaobing]] (sesame flatbread). The soy milk is typically sweetened by adding [[cane sugar]] or, sometimes, simple [[syrup]]. "Salty" soy milk is made with a combination of chopped pickled mustard greens, dried shrimp and, for curdling, vinegar, garnished with ''youtiao'' [[crouton]]s, chopped scallion (spring onions), [[Coriander|cilantro]] (coriander), [[rousong|meat floss]] (肉鬆; ''ròu sōng''), or shallot as well as sesame oil, soy sauce, chili oil or salt to taste.Soy milk is used in many kinds of [[Japanese Cuisine|Japanese Cooking]], such as in making [[Yuba (food)|yuba]] as well as sometimes a base soup for [[nabemono]].In [[Korean cuisine]], soy milk is used as a soup for making ''[[kongguksu]]'', cold noodle soup eaten mostly in summer.[[Tofu]] is produced from soy milk by further steps of curdling and then draining.Soy milk is also used in making [[soy yogurt]] and soy [[kefir]].== Nutrition and health information ==Nutrients in 8 ounces (250ml) of plain soymilk: {| class="wikitable"|-! ! Regular Soymilk ! Lite Soymilk (reduced fat)|- | Calories (gm) | 140 | 100|- | Protein (gm) | 10.0 | 4.0|- | Fat (gm) | 4.0 | 2.0|- | Carbohydrate (gm) | 14.0 | 16.0|- | Sodium (mg) | 120.0 | 100.0|- | Iron (mg) | 1.8 | 0.6|- | Riboflavin (mg) | 0.1| 11.0|- | Calcium (mg) | 80.0 | 80.0|}== Ecological impact ==Some say using [[soybean]]s to make milk instead of raising cows is [[ecology|ecologically]] advantageous because the amount of soy that could be grown using the same amount of land would feed more people than if used to raise cows. This is debated: grazing land for animals, which requires fewer pesticides, is very different from land used to farm. However, cows require much more energy in order to produce milk, since the farmer must feed the animal, which consumes 40 kilograms (90 pounds) of food and 90 to 180 litres (25 to 50 gallons) of water a day, while a soy bean needs merely fertilization, water, and land.{{Failed verification|date=June 2008}} Because the soybean plant is a [[legume]], it also replenishes the nitrogen content of the soil in which it is grown if the bean is not harvested. The nitrogen that legumes produce is stored in the fruit of the plant as protein causing little to no nitrogen to be replenished in the soil--the nitrogen could even be depleted from the soil--when the soy beans are harvested. In [[Brazil]], the explosion of soybean cultivation has led to losing large tracts of forest land leading to ecological damage. However, these cleared forests are planted with soy intended for animal agricultural enterprises, not for human consumption.The American soil scientist Dr. Andrew McClung was the first to devise a method to grow soybeans in the Cerrado region of Brazil. He was awarded with the 2006 [[World Food Prize]]. == Potential medicinal use ==It has been reported that soy proteins help to reduce [[polycystic kidney disease]]s by attenuating [[cytosolic phospholipase A2]] , . However, Sankaran ''et al.'' and Harold ''et al.'' argued that the dietary treatment can only help to ease the symtoms but not cure the disease, and yet it is individual dependent , . Ogborn ''et al.'' found that polyunsaturated fatty acids play crucial roles to obtain the benefits of the soy protein dietary treatment .==See also== * [[Almond milk]]* [[Chinese cuisine]]* [[Coconut milk]]* Dairy (animal) [[milk]]* [[Douzhi]]* [[Grain milk]]* [[Oat milk]]* [[Peanut milk]]* [[Plant milk]]* [[Rice milk]]* [[Soy allergy]]* [[Soybean]]* [[Soy cheese]]* [[Soy milk maker]]* [[Soy protein]]* [[Soy yogurt]]* [[Tofu]]==Notes== ==References=={{refbegin}}*Rahab Waweru, M.A., et al. 1967. Effect of processing methods on oxidative off-flavors of soybean milk. ''Cereal and Food Sciences'' North Nairobi State University, Ministry of Agriculture. {{cite web | title=Soy Milk | publisher=Soya | work=Soya.be | url=http://www.soya.be/soy-milk.php | dateformat=mdy | accessdate=August 17 2005 }}*Torres-Penaranda, A.V., et al.1998. Sensory characteristics of soymilk and tofu made from Lipoxygenase-Free and Normal soybeans. ''Journal of Food Science'' 63 (6): 1084-1087.*Smith, A.K. and Circle, S.J. 1972. Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology. AVI publishing.*Calvert, John (2000). [http://www.sbnatural.com/soymilk ''Soymilk Microenterprise: A Treatise on Small-Scale Soymilk Production'']*William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi (1979). ''Tofu & Soymilk Production''. Lafayette, California: New-Age Foods Study Center.*William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi (2000). ''Tofu & Soymilk Production.'' 3rd edition. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. ISBN 0-933332-72-6.*William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi (1994). ''Soymilk and soymilk products - Bibliography and sourcebook, 1500 to 1993: Detailed information on 3,120 published documents (extensively annotated bibliography), 968 commercial soymilk products, 506 original interviews (many full text) and overviews, 462 unpublished archival documents. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. ISBN 0-933332-84-X.*Liu, KeShun.1997. [http://www.chipsbooks.com/soybeans.htm ''Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization''. Chapman & Hall.]*Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang, eds. (1999). [http://www.chipsbooks.com/asianfd.htm ''Asian Foods: Science & Technology''. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Co.]*Berk, Zeki.1992. FAO (UN) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0532e/t0532e00.htm#con].* Frank M. Sacks MD, et a. (2006) ''[http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171052v1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=soybeans%2Cfda&searchid=1138541151493_2869&FIRSTINDEX=0&search_url=http%3A%2F%2Fcirc.ahajournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fsearch&journalcode=circulationaha Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health. An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals From the Nutrition Committee]'' in Circulation.{{refend}}==External links=={{commonscat}}{{cookbook}};Advocacy and nutritional information* [http://www.soygrowers.com American Soybean Association]* [http://www.foodpsychology.cornell.edu/research/soy/index.htm Cornell University Food and Brand Lab]* [http://www.foodrevolution.org/what_about_soy.htm Evaluation of Anti-Soy Data and Anti-Soy Advocates]* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1839434,00.html Guardian - There's no risk to humans from soya]* [http://news.yahoo.com/s/hsn/20060127/hl_hsn/soyclaimashearthelperindispute Soy Heart healthy claims in dispute]* [http://www.soyinfocenter.com Soyinfo Center - SoyaScan database and books]* [http://72.32.142.180/soy_health.htm Soy information at Soyatech]* [http://lovesoymilk.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/soyvsmilk.gif Soy Milk vs Cow’s Milk: A side by side nutrition comparison];Controversy* [http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?n=86696&c=BSd0RVCEv%2B%2B1MyxsOXWD2w%3D%3D Harvard Med School Study - Soy causes low sperm count]* [http://www.rheumatic.org/soy.htm Concerns Regarding Soybeans]* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,,1828158,00.html Guardian - Should we worry about soya in our food?]* [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/allerg/allergen_soy-soja_e.html Health Canada: Soy - One of the nine most common food allergens]* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3513607.stm Soya 'Link' To Male Infertility]* [http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=522 Soy Allergy Information Page] [[Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America]]* [http://www.soyonlineservice.co.nz/ Soy Online Service] This page provides exclusively and solely anti-soy information{{Soy}}{{Vegetarianism}}[[Category:Breakfast foods]][[Category:Chinese beverages]][[Category:Milk substitutes]][[Category:Soy products]][[Category:Vegan cuisine]]
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