Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qurashi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي) (born 1213 in Damascus, Syria - died 17 December 1288 in Cairo, Egypt), commonly known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab Muslim polymath—a physician, anatomist, physiologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist, Hafiz, Hadith scholar, Shafi`i jurist and lawyer, Sunni theologian, Islamic philosopher, logician, Arabic novelist, science fiction writer, and scientist. He also wrote on Islamic psychology, Islamic sociology, astronomy, Islamic cosmology, futurology, geology, Arabic grammar and linguistics, and history. He was born in Damascus, Syria, and worked in Cairo, Egypt.
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| - Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qurashi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي) (born 1213 in Damascus, Syria - died 17 December 1288 in Cairo, Egypt), commonly known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab Muslim polymath—a physician, anatomist, physiologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist, Hafiz, Hadith scholar, Shafi`i jurist and lawyer, Sunni theologian, Islamic philosopher, logician, Arabic novelist, science fiction writer, and scientist. He also wrote on Islamic psychology, Islamic sociology, astronomy, Islamic cosmology, futurology, geology, Arabic grammar and linguistics, and history. He was born in Damascus, Syria, and worked in Cairo, Egypt.
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| Name
| - Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qurashi al-Dimashqi
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| Works
| - Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon, The Comprehensive Book on Medicine, Theologus Autodidactus, A Short Account of the Methodology of Hadith, Commentary on Compound Drugs, The Polished Book on Experimental Ophthalmology, The Choice of Foodstuffs, Synopsis of Medicine, An Essay on Organs, Reference Book for Physicians, The Summary of Law, Road to Eloquence, The Segments, The Little Papers
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| - Father of circulatory physiology. Founder of Nafisian systems of anatomy, physiology, psychology and pulsology which replaced Avicennian and Galenic doctrines. Discovered pulmonary circulation. Anticipated some aspects of coronary circulation, capillary circulation, metabolism, etc. Discredited Avicennian and Galenic theories on pulse, bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, etc. Wrote the first science fiction novel, which was also the first theological novel and one of the first philosophical novels. Introduced a more logical classification for the science of hadith.
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| - Sunni Islam, Nafisian physiology
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| - Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, Muhammad, al-Shafi`i, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, al-Kindi, al-Razi, Abulcasis, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Ibn Zuhr, Ibn Tufail
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| - Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati, Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī, Ibn Qadi Shuhba, Umarī, al-Safadī, al-Dhahabi, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Khaldun, Andrea Alpago, Michael Servetus
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| - Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qurashi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي) (born 1213 in Damascus, Syria - died 17 December 1288 in Cairo, Egypt), commonly known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab Muslim polymath—a physician, anatomist, physiologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist, Hafiz, Hadith scholar, Shafi`i jurist and lawyer, Sunni theologian, Islamic philosopher, logician, Arabic novelist, science fiction writer, and scientist. He also wrote on Islamic psychology, Islamic sociology, astronomy, Islamic cosmology, futurology, geology, Arabic grammar and linguistics, and history. He was born in Damascus, Syria, and worked in Cairo, Egypt. Ibn al-Nafis is now most famous for being the first physician to describe the pulmonary circulation, or pulmonary transit of blood. His discovery disproved the thousand year-old theory of Galen who suggested invisible pores in the intraventricular septum. Ibn Nafis clearly stated that the "blood in the right ventricle of the heart must reach the left ventricule by way of the lungs alone and not through a passage connecting the ventricle, as Galen maintained." In addition, he is credited with early insight into capillary and coronary circulations, which in addition to the pulmonary circulation form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is has been called the father of circulatory physiology, and "the greatest physiologist of the Middle Ages." His work would not be surpassed until the 17th century, when the theory of the entire circulatory system, i.e. the continuous circular motion of the blood throughout the whole body, was proposed by William Harvey. He was also an early proponent of experimental medicine, postmortem autopsy, and human dissection, first described the concept of metabolism, and developed his own new Nafisian systems of anatomy, physiology, psychology and pulsology to replace the Avicennian and Galenic doctrines, while discrediting many of their erroneous theories on pulsation, bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, and the anatomy of other parts of the human body. Ibn al-Nafis also drew diagrams to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system. Besides his medical contributions, he wrote works on the Islamic religious disciplines, notably A Short Account of the Methodology of Hadith, which introduces a more rational and logical classification for the science of hadith. He also wrote works on fictional Arabic literature, notably the Arabic theological novel Theologus Autodidactus, a novel which features a feral child, desert island, early science fiction elements, and a coming of age plot, through which he expressed many of his religious, philosophical and scientific themes on a wide variety of subjects. Both of these works were mainly an attempt by Ibn al-Nafis at reconciling reason with revelation, both by highlighting the rationality of Islamic beliefs and by promoting the use of reason in the science of hadith.
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