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| - He also once helped a black woman who filed a lawsuit due to segregation on trolley busses.
- The nation had just been defeated in the tragic and disastrous Civil War and there were now Negroes in nearly every legislature. James Garfield had been elected promising a "return to normalcy," but an assasin's bullet was instead the height of personal abnormalcy. Thus the nation turned to the Great Obscurity Party (GOP) for its next Chief Executive.
- Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the 21st President of the United States (1881–85); he succeeded James Garfield upon the latter's assassination. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome his reputation, stemming from his beginnings in politics as a politician from the New York City Republican political machine. He succeeded in overcoming his reputation by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration.
- Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the 21st President of the United States (1881–85). Becoming President after the assassination of President James A. Garfield, Arthur struggled to overcome suspicions of his beginnings as a politician from the New York City Republican machine, succeeding at that task by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy and then enforcement of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration. Born in Fairfield, Vermont, Arthur grew up in upstate New York and practiced law in New York City. He devoted much of his time to Republican politics and quickly rose in the political machine run by New York Senator Roscoe Conkling. Appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to the lucrative and politicall
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