The Klis Fortress () is a medieval fortress situated above a village bearing the same name, near the city of Split, in central Dalmatia, Croatia. From its origin as a small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae, becoming a royal castle that was the seat of many Croatian kings, to its final development as a large fortress during the Ottoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its more than two thousand year-long history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak, the fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against the Ottoman advance, and has been a key crossroad between the Mediterranean belt and the Balkan rear.
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| - The Klis Fortress () is a medieval fortress situated above a village bearing the same name, near the city of Split, in central Dalmatia, Croatia. From its origin as a small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae, becoming a royal castle that was the seat of many Croatian kings, to its final development as a large fortress during the Ottoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its more than two thousand year-long history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak, the fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against the Ottoman advance, and has been a key crossroad between the Mediterranean belt and the Balkan rear.
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| Built
| - Unknown, probably in the 3rd century BC
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| open to public
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* June–September: daily 9 am–7 pm
* October–May: Sat–Sun 9 am–5 pm
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| Name
| - Klis Fortress
- Tvrđava Klis
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| Caption
| - Klis Fortress built into the south face of a rocky mass, barely discernible as a man-made structure, seen from the state route D1.
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| Condition
| - Preserved, slightly renovated
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| controlledby
| - Lands ruled by Louis in 1370s.
* 1387–1394 Croatian noble John of Palisna from Vrana, in the name of Bosnian King Tvrtko I
* 1394–1401 Ban Nikola II Gorjanski in the name of Sigismund 25px
* 1401–1434 Croatian noble Prince Ivaniš Nelipić 20px
* 1434–1436 Croatian noble and Ban of Croatia Ivan Frankopan, at that time in war with king Sigismund 20px
* 1436–1437 Ivan Frankopan's widow peaceful handover the fortress 20px
* 1437–1458 Croatian noble Matko Talovac and later Petar and Vladislav in the name of Holy Roman Empire
4.) Major strategic value
200px|alt=The location of the fortress on the image from the 16th century
Klis Fortress in the 16th century.
* 1513–1537 Croatian noble, Prince of Klis Petar Kružić 20px
* 1537–1596 Ottoman Empire 25px
* 1596–1596 Uskoks seized the fortress by treachery, but the Turks recovered it fairly quickly, in the same year 20px
* 1596–1648 Ottoman Empire 25px
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- Ottoman Empire after Candian War.
5.) Lost its main strategic weight
* 1648–1797 Republic of Venice 30px
* 1797–1805 Austrian Empire as a part of Holy Roman Empire 30px
* 1805–1813 First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte 20px
* 1813–1815 Austrian Empire 20px
* 1815–1867 Kingdom of Dalmatia 25px within Austrian Empire 20px
6.) Abandoned as a permanent military outpost
* 1867–1918 Kingdom of Dalmatia 25px within Austria-Hungary 25px
* 1918–1918 State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 25px
* 1918–1929 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] 23px* 1929–1939 Littoral Banovina within Kingdom of Yugoslavia 23px
* 1939–1941 Banovina of Croatia 25px within Kingdom of Yugoslavia 23px
* 1941–1945 Independent State of Croatia 23px,
* 1945–1990 SR Croatia 25px within SFR Yugoslavia]] 25px* 1990–1991 Republic of Croatia 25px within SFR Yugoslavia]] 25px* 1991–present Croatia 25px
- * 9 AD – 476 Roman Empire 20px
* 476–493 Odoacer 40px
* 493–537 Theodoric the Great and Ostrogothic Kingdom 35px
* 537–614 Byzantine Empire 20px
* 614–620 Slavs and Avars
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- Ban of Bosnia 20px
* 1304–1322 Mladen II Šubić of Bribir
- The Roman province of Dalmatia.
- Béla IV flees from the Mongols.
* 1242–1273 Croatian nobility 32px
* 1273–1277 Paul I Šubić of Bribir
- Croatian Kingdom c. 1097 - 1102, during succession crisis.
* 1102–1217 Mixed Croatian nobility during personal union between Kingdom of Croatia 20px and Kingdom of Hungary 20px
* 1217–1221 Pontius de Cruce in charge of Knights Templar 20px appointed by Andrew II 20px
* 1221–1227 Prince Domald from Split
* 1227–1242 Croatian nobility 32px
* 1242–1242 Croatian nobles Brativoj and Butko Julijanov during Mongol siege of the fortress.
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- List of rulers
1.) Small stronghold
* 3rd century BC – 9 AD Illyrian]] tribe of Dalmatae 20px200px
- Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia and Lord of all Bosnia 20px
* 1322–1330 George II Šubić 20px
* 1330–1348 Mladen III Šubić of Bribir
- "Shield of the Croats" 20px
* 1348–1356 Jelena Šubić (Nemanjić) as Mladen III Šubić's widow 20px
* 1356–1387 Croatian nobility in the name of Louis I the Great 20px
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- The Croats' arrival at the Adriatic.
* 620–640 Croats, a Slavic tribe 20px
* 640–835 Dukes of Croatia 20px
2.) Royal Castle
* 835–845 Prince Mislav of Littoral Croatian Duchy 20px
* 845–864 Prince Trpimir I of Medieval Croatian state and founder of House of Trpimirović 20px
* 864–925 House of Trpimirović 20px
* 925 Kingdom of Croatia ruled by King Tomislav 20px
* 925–1102 Croatian kings from House of Trpimirović 20px
3.) Fortress
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- Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia and Lord of all of Bosnia 25px20px
* 1277–1302 George I Šubić 20px
* 1302–1304 Mladen I Šubić
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| Builder
| - Small stronghold by Illyrian tribe of Dalmatae, later expanded mostly by:
* Croatian Prince Mislav
* Croatian duke Trpimir I
* Croatian House of Šubić
* Ottoman Empire
* Venetians
* Austrian Empire
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| abstract
| - The Klis Fortress () is a medieval fortress situated above a village bearing the same name, near the city of Split, in central Dalmatia, Croatia. From its origin as a small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae, becoming a royal castle that was the seat of many Croatian kings, to its final development as a large fortress during the Ottoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its more than two thousand year-long history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak, the fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against the Ottoman advance, and has been a key crossroad between the Mediterranean belt and the Balkan rear. Since Prince Mislav of Littoral Croatia made Klis Fortress the seat of his throne in the middle of the 9th century, the fortress has served as the seat of many Croatia's rulers. The reign of his successor, Duke Trpimir I, the founder of the Croatian royal House of Trpimirović, is significant for spreading Christianity in the Littoral Croatia. He largely expanded the Klis Fortress, and in Rižinice, in the valley under the fortress, he built a church and the first Benedictine monastery in Croatia. During the reign of the first Croatian king, Tomislav, Klis and Biograd na Moru were his chief residences. In March 1242 at Klis Fortress, Tatars who were a constituent segment of the Mongol army under the leadership of Kadan suffered a major defeat while in pursuit of the Hungarian army led by King Béla IV. After their defeat by Croatian forces, the Mongols retreated, and Béla IV rewarded many Croatian towns and nobles with "substantial riches". During the Late Middle Ages, the fortress was governed by Croatian nobility, amongst whom Paul I Šubić of Bribir was the most significant. During his reign, the House of Šubić controlled most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia. Excluding the brief possession by the forces of Bosnian King, Tvrtko I, the fortress remained in Hungaro-Croatian hands for the next several hundred years, until the 16th century. Klis Fortress is probably best known for its defense against the Ottoman invasion of Europe in the early 16th century. Croatian captain Petar Kružić led the defense of the fortress against a Turkish invasion and siege that lasted for more than two and a half decades. During this defense, as Kružić and his soldiers fought without allies against the Turks, the military faction of Uskoks was formed, which later became famous as an elite Croatian militant sect. Ultimately, the defenders were defeated and the fortress was occupied by the Ottomans in 1537. After more than a century under Ottoman rule, in 1669, Klis Fortress was besieged and seized by the Republic of Venice, thus moving the border between Christian and Muslim Europe further east and helping to contribute to the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians restored and enlarged the fortress, but it was taken by the Austrians after Napoleon extinguished the republic itself in 1797. Today, Klis Fortress contains a museum where visitors to this historic military structure can see an array of arms, armor, and traditional uniforms.
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