abstract
| - The Proboscideans (also called the Paeungulates) are a clan of plant-eating mammals. At first they appeared in Africa during the late Eocene (Walking with Beasts episode Whale Killer), and later spread to Europe and the Americas (Mammoth Journey); their peak was during the Pleistocene epoch (24-5 MYA). When 5 MYA the world began to grow colder, most proboscideans found it hard to adapt and died out. Initially the Proboscideans were small (about 1 meter tall at the shoulder), but later they grew gigantic (4.5–5 meters in the shoulder). There are 3 suborders in the group: the Moeritheriodea, the Deionotheroidea and the Elephantoidea. The modern Proboscideans, the African and Asian elephants, belong to the last group, and were cousins to the Pliocene-Pleistocene mammoths and mastodonts. All Proboscideans have, or had, strongly developed upper lip and nose that merged together to form the trunk-proboscis in question, though the first Proboscideans possibly lacked them. These ancient animals lived at the edges of bodies of water, had mastodon-like teeth and short legs; as they moved to live in open spaces and to feed on harder leaves and tree branches, their teeth became more complex, they developed trunks and tusks, their legs grew longer.
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