| abstract
| - Mexico was the most important colony of Spain, it was called the "Virreinato de la Nueva España", which is English for "Viceroyalty of New Spain". It was mostly populated by Native American slaves, some Criollos (sons of Spaniards born in Mexico) and the Peninsulares elitees (Spaniards born in Spain). For three hundred years Peninsulares always ruled above Criollos. This, along with the Bourbonic reforms which pretended to diminish the privileges and the power of the most conservative elitees (mainly the church) eventually led to what would be known as the War of Mexican Independence, orchestrated by the Criollos and Peninsulares which pretended to achieve independence so they could keep their privileges. The war lasted for ten years, from 1811 to 1821, and ended when the rebel war chief Vicente Guerrero joined its strength to the one of the loyalist leader Agustín de Iturbide. Some days later, the joint army entered Mexico City on September 16th, proclaiming the Independence of the Mexican Empire. The crown of the newly formed empire was offered to some members of the Spanish Royal Family, all of which refused, so instead, Agustin de Iturbide was crowned Emperor as Agustin I of Mexico. However, a Congress would be established to limit the King's power. It was a short-lived Empire, however. The lack of money for the royal arcs made forced the king to increase taxes, which angered the population. Besides, the Congress always confronted anything that Agustin wanted to do. This forced Agustin to dissolve the Congress and establish an absolute monarchy. Just some weeks later, Antonio López de Santa Anna along with many important Army generals proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata, which deposed the monarchy and re-established the Congress. This Revolution was victorious and a Federal Republic was established in 1822. In that year, representatives from each province, signed in Mexico City the Acta Constitutiva de la Federación Mexicana or the Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation. By this act, a country called Estados Unidos Mexicanos or United Mexican States would be formed on the territory of the former Mexican Empire. This federation would also hold control over the territories of Alta California, Baja California and Nuevo Mexico. A Federal District was to be established in Mexico City, which would be the seat of the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches. The Executive power was to be held by the President, the Legislative by the Congress of the Union (conformed of an Upper House with two senators by state and a Lower House), and the Judicial by the Supreme Court. Two years later, elections finally could be held and Guadalupe Victoria, a general of the rebel army who fought during the Independence war won the elections for the period of 1824-1829. This were five years of stability, but when in 1829 presidential elections were held with two main contenders: Vicente Guerrero and Antonio Gomez Pedraza, former Secretary of Defense. Antonio won the elections, but Vicente Guerrero rebelled. The Guerrero rebellion led to a lot of many more rebellions which tried to depose him and more rebellions who tried to depose whoever deposed the previous president. Stability couldn't be achieved until the 1880's. The divergence point stats when Vicente Guerrero dies in 1825, so he could not rebel against Pedraza. During the following decades, thanks to political stability, luck and willpower, Mexico becomes the world's only superpower by the 21st century.
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