abstract
| - With the independent movement almost dead, Ferdinand I of the Rio de la Plata proclaimed a new kingdom. The rebels fled to the Patagonia and proclaimed a republic (and Bernardo O'Higgins as its president); all of them, except for José Gervasio Artigas, who led a new movement so called the League of the Free Peoples. Also this year John of Portugal died because of a rebellion in the capital. Peter, prince of Brazil, ascend this country and converted it in a Empire. Ferdinand ruled for three years, and in constant war with the rebels. The main rebel possessions were in Uruguay and the north. But, in 1821, happened a outbreak of a new rebellion in Peru. Juan de Dios Rivera, cousin of Túpac Amaru, and his own cousin Juan Bautista Condorcanqui, also relative of Túpac Amaru. The peruvian rebels established the Kingdom of Peru. The Rioplatense Civil War began. For for years Ferdinand I and his ally, Peter I of Brazil, prevented any invasion to Buenos Aires. But, finally, the riots came to that city and Ferdinand had to fleed. Ferdinand and the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros fled to Cordoba, there they were welcome for a group of the governor's emissaries. In the road to the capital, the suit was ambushed and all its members died. The royal counsil designated Charles I as king. The king Charles created the Majesty Law. This law acclaimed that the citzen of the Two Realms (Spain was still considerated part of the Borbon Dynasty's dominions) were free, but could not defy the king's will. Charles was eventually captured for the rebels and killed one year later (1821). Since his kidnapping, Pedro de Sousa Holstein, minister of Peter of Brazil, operated as regent. He was regent too during the minority of Charles II.
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