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| - In the great work On the nature of things, the Roman poet Lucretius, contemporary to Julius Caesar and Cicero, recorded an embellished the nature-philosophy of Greece’s Democritus (.470-390 B.C.) and Epicurus ( 341-270 B.C.) and he reiterated what may be considered as one of the earliest hints of a profound general principle of science: “Things cannot be born from nothing, cannot when begotten be brought back to nothing.” Everything now existing must have continual existence in past, present, and future, although form, appearance, and the like may indeed change. ( See this important philosophical concept taken from Greek philosophers that our observable universe is a part of an eternal cosmos in my paper OUR EARLY UNIVERSE ). Yet there is a very considerable distance from the panegyric
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| abstract
| - In the great work On the nature of things, the Roman poet Lucretius, contemporary to Julius Caesar and Cicero, recorded an embellished the nature-philosophy of Greece’s Democritus (.470-390 B.C.) and Epicurus ( 341-270 B.C.) and he reiterated what may be considered as one of the earliest hints of a profound general principle of science: “Things cannot be born from nothing, cannot when begotten be brought back to nothing.” Everything now existing must have continual existence in past, present, and future, although form, appearance, and the like may indeed change. ( See this important philosophical concept taken from Greek philosophers that our observable universe is a part of an eternal cosmos in my paper OUR EARLY UNIVERSE ). Yet there is a very considerable distance from the panegyric of Lucretius to the modern law of conservation of mass-that almost axiomatic basis of much in our physical sciences-which teaches that despite changes of position, shape, phase, chemical composition, and so forth, the total mass in a given enclosed region remains constant. Democritus in his atomistic philosophy coined the term atom from the Greek word “άτομος” which means “ uncuttable" or “the smallest indivisible particle of matter. Thus the hydrogen atom of the Bohr model and the Schrodinger equations is not the atom of Democritus, because it consists of smaller particles like protons neutrons and electrons. On this basis according to Democritus atoms were small, hard particles that were all made of the same material (mass) but were different shapes and sizes. In other words the atoms of Democritus are similar to particles of modern physics including also photons having mass m = hν/c2 , because in nature massless particles cannot exist. Moreover Epicurus like Democritus, was an atomist, believing that the fundamental constituents of the world were indivisible little bits of matter indivisible) flying through empty space (keno). Everything that occurs is the result of the atoms colliding, rebounding, and becoming entangled with one another, with no purpose or plan behind their motions. Thus under the two conservation laws of energy and mass based on the atomistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus I discovered the interaction of photons with particles or the interaction of the smallest indivisible particles of the Democritus atomistic philosophy. Moreover since the energy cannot turn into mass I discovered the early quark triads of OUR EARLY UNIVERSE . However under the influence of Einstein’s incorrect relativity, cosmologists like Hawking, Kaku, Krauss, Carrol, Stenger, Guth, Vilenking, Matheus, and Wilczek based on the invalid “rest mass energy” believe that matter in very early universe could give an invalid “rest positive energy” which should be equal to the negative energy of gravity. So they did much to retard the progress of cosmology, because they speculated that the universe created out from nothing.
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