| rdfs:comment
| - Thousands of combinations of fuels and oxidizers have been tried over the years. Some of the more common and practical ones are:
* liquid oxygen (LOX, O2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2,H2) - Space Shuttle main engines, Ariane 5 main stage, Saturn V, Saturn IB, and Saturn I upper stages as well as Centaur rocket stage
* liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene or RP-1 - Saturn V, Zenit rocket, R-7 family of Soviet boosters, which includes Soyuz, Delta, Saturn I, and Saturn IB first stages, Titan I and Atlas rockets
* liquid oxygen (LOX) and alcohol (Ethanol, C2H5OH) - early liquid fueled rockets, like German (WW2) A-4, aka V-2, and Redstone
* liquid oxygen (LOX) and gasoline - Robert Goddard's first liquid-fuel rocket
* T-Stoff (80% Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) and C-Stoff (methanol, C
|
| abstract
| - Thousands of combinations of fuels and oxidizers have been tried over the years. Some of the more common and practical ones are:
* liquid oxygen (LOX, O2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2,H2) - Space Shuttle main engines, Ariane 5 main stage, Saturn V, Saturn IB, and Saturn I upper stages as well as Centaur rocket stage
* liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene or RP-1 - Saturn V, Zenit rocket, R-7 family of Soviet boosters, which includes Soyuz, Delta, Saturn I, and Saturn IB first stages, Titan I and Atlas rockets
* liquid oxygen (LOX) and alcohol (Ethanol, C2H5OH) - early liquid fueled rockets, like German (WW2) A-4, aka V-2, and Redstone
* liquid oxygen (LOX) and gasoline - Robert Goddard's first liquid-fuel rocket
* T-Stoff (80% Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) and C-Stoff (methanol, CH3OH, and hydrazine hydrate, N2H4.n(H2O) - Walter Werke HWK 109-509 engine used on Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet a rocket fighterplane of (WW2)
* nitric acid (HNO3) and kerosene - Soviet Scud-A, aka SS-1
* inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA, HNO3 + N2O4) and unsymmetric dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH, (CH3)2N2H2) Soviet Scud-B,-C,-D, aka SS-1-c,-d,-e
* nitric acid 73% with dinitrogen tetroxide 27% (=AK27) and kerosene/gasoline mixture - various Russian (USSR) cold-war ballistic missiles, Iran: Shahab-5, North Korea: Taep'o-dong-2
* hydrogen peroxide and kerosene - UK (1970s) Black Arrow, USA Development (or study): BA-3200
* hydrazine (N2H4) and red fuming nitric acid - Nike Ajax Antiaircraft Rocket
* Aerozine 50 and dinitrogen tetroxide - Titans 2–4, Apollo lunar module, Apollo service module, interplanatary probes (Such as Voyager 1 and Voyager 2
* Unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and dinitrogen tetroxide - Proton rocket and various Soviet rockets
* monomethylhydrazine (MMH, (CH3)HN2H2) and dinitrogen tetroxide - Space Shuttle Orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engines One of the most efficient mixture, oxygen and hydrogen, suffers from the extremely low temperatures required for storing hydrogen and oxygen as liquids (around 20 K or -253 °C)) and low fuel density (70 kg/m3), necessitating large and heavy tanks. The use of lightweight foam to insulate the cryogenic tanks caused problems for the Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-107 mission. For storable ICBMs or interplanetary spacecraft, keeping the fuel cool seems to be an unsolvable problem. Because of this, mixtures of hydrazine and its derivatives in combination with nitrogen oxides are generally used for such rockets. Hydrazine has its own disadvantages, being a very caustic and volatile chemical. Consequently, hybrid rockets have recently been the vehicle of choice for low-budget private and academic developments in aerospace technology.
|
![[RDF Data]](/fct/images/sw-rdf-blue.png)