| abstract
| - A Copa Libertadores da América ou Taça Libertadores da América, cujo nome oficial atual é Copa Santander Libertadores por motivos de patrocínio[1], é a principal competição de futebol entre clubes da América do Sul, organizado pela CONMEBOL - Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol. Desde 1998, quando começou a ser patrocinada pela montadora japonesa Toyota, aceita também a participação de clubes do México. A partir de 2008, o patrocinador oficial da competição passou a ser o espanhol Grupo Santander[1]. O nome do torneio é uma homenagem aos principais líderes da independência das nações da América Latina: Simón Bolívar, Dom Pedro I, José de San Martín, Antonio José de Sucre e Bernardo O'Higgins. É uma das competições entre clubes mais prestigiosas no esporte juntamente com a Liga dos Campeões da Europa. Da primeira edição em 1960 até 2004, o campeão da Libertadores enfrentava o campeão da Liga dos Campeões da Europa em uma ou duas partidas, no que se chamava de Mundial Interclubes ou Copa Intercontinental ou Copa Européia/Sul-Americana. Desde 2005, o campeão da Libertadores disputa a Copa do Mundo de Clubes da FIFA (FIFA Club World Cup), que reune os campeões de todos os continentes, valorizando ainda mais a conquista do torneio. A forma de classificação para a competição é geralmente baseada nos resultados dos campeonatos nacionais dos países do continente, assim como a Liga dos Campeões da UEFA, na Europa. Mas há confederações que se utilizam de torneios próprios, independentes dos Campeonatos Nacionais propriamente ditos, para definir pelo menos algumas vagas como a Copa do Brasil, no Brasil, desde 1989, a Liguilla Pré-Libertadores, no Uruguai, desde 1974 e a InterLiga no México a partir de 2004. A Libertadores tem uma fase preliminar na qual um número de clubes, atualmente 12, são emparelhados em uma série de "mata-matas". Os seis sobreviventes juntam-se aos clubes restantes na primeira fase, na qual são divididos em grupos de quatro. Os times dos grupos da primeira fase jogam entre si em turno e returno. Os dois melhores de cada grupo classificam-se para a segunda fase, na qual o time com a melhor campanha enfrenta o pior segundo colocado, o 2º melhor joga contra o penúltimo dos segundos colocados, e assim por diante. A disputa acontece então em um novo sistema "mata-mata", assim como as quartas-de-final, semifinais e a final. Entre 1960 e 1987 os campeões da edição anterior não entravam na competição até a fase semifinal, tornando muito mais fácil a retenção do título. A partir de 1988 o campeão da edição anterior passou a entrar na terceira fase. Apenas a partir da edição de 2000, o campeão do ano anterior passou a disputar desde a fase de grupos, precisando obter vaga para a segunda fase, como os demais participantes. Em seus primeiros anos, apenas os campeões nacionais das principais nações participavam, mas os vice-campeões foram permitidos na década de 1970. A competição acabou aumentada para 21, 32, 36 e agora 38 times. Doze anos antes da primeira Copa Libertadores, uma competição internacional de clubes foi criada com representantes de sete diferentes países sul-americanos. Este foi o Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes de 1948, jogado em uma liga de Santiago, Chile, e foi ganho pelo Vasco da Gama. A primeira taça foi ganha pelo Peñarol do Uruguai. A partir de 2005, 20 equipes diferentes já ganhar a taça. O clube mais bem sucedido foi o clube argentino Independiente, incluindo quatro títulos seguidos em sete vezes de 1972 a 1975. o Estudiantes de La Plata, da Argentina, se tornou o primeiro clube a vencer a Taça em três anos consecutivos, em 1968, 1969 e 1970. Desde então, só Independiente conseguiu superar esta façanha, ganhando quatro campeonatos entre 1972 e 1975. Ao longo dos anos, a concorrência tem mantido vivo uma rivalidade entre os países concorrentes, especialmente entre o Brasil e a Argentina, Uruguai e Argentina, Uruguai e Brasil, Colômbia e Argentina, Peru e Chile. Episódios de violência não são raros e a pressão para os jogadores em campo é enorme. A partir de 1998 à 2007, a Copa Libertadores da América foi patrocinada pela Toyota Motor Corporation, e é por isso que o nome durante esse período foi Copa Toyota Libertadores.
- The Copa Libertadores is the most important football competition in South America, and acts as the southamerican counterpart to Europe's UEFA Champions League. It's a tournament which has been held yearly since 1960. The clubs disputing this title are mostly home-grown, showcasing some of the continent's most talented players. The tournament is played by teams from the countries who integrate the ConMeBol (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) plus teams from the Mexican league. It has three stages: a preliminary round, then a group stage, then the final knockout phase. Not all the teams have to pass through all those phases, though; the top teams from the top leagues don't have to pass through the preliminary round. The group stage consists on eight grops of four teams (32 clubs in total), each team playing the others in home and away matches with the two top advancing to the knockout phase. Knockout is two-legged matches as well. For those who get the chance to compete in it, it offers a good amount of prize money and TV Exposure and is the pinnacle of the club competitions outside of Europe. It showcases some of the finest football in the world and definitely has some of the most epic games you could ask for. The competition has been dominated mostly by "Atlantic" teams (i.e., teams from Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil) since it started, with Independiente having won it a record seven times in their history. However clubs in the "Pacific" have lifted the prestigious trophy at times. It ranks as one of the most popular sporting events in the world, gaining the attention of 135 countries around the world. It's one of the most important dates in a football fan's calendar. The winners (in order of first victory) are: Peñarol (5), Santos (3), Independiente (7), Racing Club (1), Estudiantes de La Plata (4), Nacional (3), Cruzeiro (2), Boca Juniors (6), Olimpia (3), Flamengo (1), Grêmio (2), Argentinos Juniors (1), River Plate (2), Atlético Nacional (1), Colo-Colo (1), São Paulo (3), Vélez Sársfield (1), Vasco da Gama (1), Palmeiras (1), Once Caldas (1), Internacional (2), LDU Quito (1). It shows examples of:
* Awesome Moment of Crowning: Seeing the trophy being lifted.
* Big Damn Heroes: Goalkeepers have a habit of heading to the opposing goal if his team need to get a goal in the dying minutes of the final or knockout stages and they get a corner kick. And of course, bringing on substitutes for that same purpose (it happens a lot). It gets better in the knockout phase with the penalty shootout. If the goalkeeper keeps the last goal from the rival team, he grants the victory to his team. Bonus points in a semifinal. Double the bonus in a final.
* Bonus Material: The FIFA World Club Cup, which is played by the champions of each confederation, plus the champion from the host country. And prior of it, the Intercontinental cup, between the UEFA Champions League champion and this cup's champion.
* Curb Stomp Battle: Peñarol (Uruguay) 11 - 2 Valencia FC (Venezuela) in 1970; River Plate (Argentina) 9 - 0 Universitario de Sucre (Bolivia) in 1970; and Peñarol 12 - 2 The Strongest (Bolivia) in 1971. To some extent, Peñarol 5-0 and 4-1 (9-1) over Everest. (Ecuador)
* Curse: América de Cali and its idol striker, Antony de Ávila. América has never won the competition despite reaching the final four times (1985 against Argentinos Juniors, 1986 and 1996 against River Plate and 1987 against Peñarol). As for de Ávila, he holds the dubious record of playing in five finals, the same four with America plus one with Barcelona SC (1998 against Vasco da Gama), and not winning a single one.
* River Plate also played 30 editions out of 40 of the event, (arguably, the team with the most amount of Copa Libertadores's participations) but won only 2 of them, the aforementioned finals against América de Cali.
* Another sad example is Corinthians, the most important club in Brazil not to win the Libertadores. Its defeat to the huge underdog of Deportes Tolima eventually culminated in the retirement of Ronaldo and Roberto Carlos's "exile" to Russia.
* David Versus Goliath: Several matches in many knockout phases.
* Deus Exit Machina - The competition still holds club football as a thing to make money off (in Europe, it is the other way around) so you might get a final between two unknown teams every now and then. The 2008 final between LDU Quito and Fluminense, regarded an excellent final, maybe the best in living memory, can be considered as so.
* Diabolus Ex Machina: Brazilian teams seem to be in possession of this trope: they have lost every final since 2007 (2005 and 2006 not counting because both teams in these finals were Brazilian). In fact, due to that, since 2007 the two teams which are qualified for the final match can't be from the same country, arguably to avoid that to happen again, unless it's something inevitable. (For example, three teams of the same country)
* Every Year They Fizzle Out: Mexican teams. They MAY go, just not as Libertadores winners, because Mexican teams are only invited by CONMEBOL (the South American football confederation) to take part; the tournament that counts for them is the CONCACAF Champions League, which congregates the teams of North (of which Mexico is a part) and Central America, and which has been dominated by Mexican teams for the last five years.
* Football Hooligans
* Heroic Rematch: Not only some games repeat from year to year, but at times the final is from two teams that were in the same group.
* Miracle Rally: Olimpia coming back from a 0-2 deficit against São Caetano in 2002 to win the finals on penalties and Peñarol's epic comeback in the playoff final of 1966 to forever label River Plate as "chickens".
* Boca Juniors did managed twice comebacks against his rival team River Plate, in 2000 and 2004 respectively.
* Opposing Sports Team: Overlapping with Fandom Rivalry. Flamengo - Fluminense, Boca Juniors - River Plate, Independiente - Racing, Peñarol - Nacional, Colo Colo - Universidad de Chile or Universidad Catolica (it really depends on which Universidad is playing better this or the other year), Corinthians - Palmeiras, etc, etc. And, of course, any match which involves an Argentinean team against a Brazilian one.
* Redemption Quest: Boca Juniors playing Santos in 2003 forty years after Pele and Coutinho defeated Boca Juniors 1-2 in La Bombonera.
* Tempting Fate: Cruzeiro had the final match of 2009 at home, everyone thought it was a won game... well, the page image is Estudiantes de La Plata after winning said game.
* Unnecessary Roughness: Many, many examples.
* The Unexpected: Since 2001, there was a lot of changes introduced for this cup upwards, and among them, the qualification. Nowadays, it's not strange to find teams which make everyone to wonder "WTF? How did THAT team to qualify to the cup?". Even hardcore football fans were surprised to see regular "lower division teams" playing a first-class cup like this one, such as the case of Quilmes, (which haven't won an Argentinean national title since 1978).
* Weak but Skilled: Once Caldas' run towards the 2004 title.
* Estudiantes De La Plata in 2009.
* Who Needs Overtime: South American tournaments, historically, did not use extra time (and for the major part, they still don't), because all games, including the final, use the round-robin system with the away goals rule.
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