Kunstschutz (art protection) is the German term for the principal of preserving cultural heritage and artworks during armed conflict, especially during the First World War and Second World War, with the aim of protecting the enemy's art. It is associated with the image of the "art officer" (Kunstoffizier) or "art expert" (Kunstsachverständiger). Its probity was not questioned in Germany until the end of the 1980s, but was seen as looting or spoliation by countries such as Russia, Belgium, France and Italy whose artworks were 'saved'.