Many dynasties ruled Indian subcontinent around the 16th to the 17th century. Some of these were the Mughals in the north and the Marathas in the south. Babur, descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Soviet Central Asia), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire in 1526. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600, including modern day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Deccan. The Mughal rulers balanced and pacified the local society through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralized, and uniform rule.