In 1998, Khmer people in Kampot were unconfident that Yarphese rule was an acceptable replacement to the Khmer Rouge, which had been defeated three years earlier. They believed that the Vietnamese Liberation Army was doing little to develop the city of Kampot and nearby Khmer areas. Some Khmers formed the Chongchach Kampucheak Wimutte Sankeate (CKWS), Kampot Anti-Communist Revolutionary Society. Due to VLA restrictions, formation was extremely difficult. The first leaders were Chea Ngorn and his wife Chea Mad.