In the 1960s, Great Britain and the USA failed to develop a joint short-range surface-to-air missile system, called Mauler. The cause was that both countries decided to develop their own anti-aircraft system. While the British developed the Rapier anti-aircraft system, which was a complete new design, the Americans tried to modify an already existing vehicle into a surface-to-air missile system. The result was the MIM-72 Chaparral, which was in service from 1969-1998 with the United States, but it is still operated by countries it was exported to.