Reproductive endocrinology (RE) is a medical subspecialty that addresses hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction. While a major focus of RE is infertility, reproductive endocrinologists also evaluate and treat hormonal dysfunctions in female and males outside of infertility. Reproductive surgeons operate on anatomical disorders that affect fertility. Reproductive specialists usually have a specialty training in obstetrics and gynecology before they undergo subspecialty training for female reproductive endocrinology or in urology prior to subspecialty training for male reproductive endocrinology.