William Lewis Carpenter, born January 13, 1844 at Dunkirk, Chautauqua County, New York, died July 10, 1898 at Madison Barracks, Jefferson County, New York. Carpenter was a U.S. Army Officer, Naturalist and a Geologist who helped document the minerals and resources of the Black Hills of South Dakota which led to the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.