Islamic invasions and Islam piracy plunged Europe into the Dark Ages. The culture and economy of Spain and Sicily was devastated and a giant migration of Christians and Jews into Northern Europe ensued. The Muslims introduced the concept of the holy war (Jihad) and antisemitism into Europe. Europe was cut of from the libraries and universities around the meditereanian and papyrus productions, which created a downfall in the intellectual and spiritual culture of europe until the 9th century.