The Citizens Commission of Inquiry into United States War Crimes in Indochina (CCI) was founded, according to Michael Uhl, by Ralph Schoenman in November 1969 in New York. Schoenman had earlier worked on Bertrand Russell's unofficial War Crimes Tribunal in Europe. In 1970, Tod Ensign and Jeremy Rifkin, of the New Left, took over CCI to document warcrimes in Indochina. CCI organized the Dellums hearings on war crimes in Vietnam in 1971.