Pedro II (2 December 1825 - 5 December 1907) nicknamed "the Magnanimous" was the second ruler of the Empire of Brazil, ruling from 1865 until his death in 1891. He focused on education, culture and science, and attempted to keep the peace in his country. While strengthening relations with Chile, he worsened relations with Argentina, which would result in the Atacama War a decade after his death and the South American War, two decades after his death.