In this essay, Szwydky analyzes the transition from Hugo's tragic novel to domestic melodrama in nineteenth century theater and the effect that transition has on later adaptations. The adaptation of Hugo's work started as early as 1834, when Fitzball rewrites the story for the stage. Because the reviews of the production were generally positive, Fitzball again rewrites the story for an 1836 production. This ignites the picture of "domestic bliss" that will bring numerous adaptations to a close throughout the history of popular culture. With adaptation also came a shift in depiction that inadequately represents the characters of Hugo's novel and, in turn, detracts from some of the prevalent themes. Szwydky also analyzes the effects of censorship on adaptation in regard to the almost forgott