Testudinata, the turtles, form an ancient clan of amniotes far removed from any other living group. Their lineage can be traced back to the Triassic, when heavily-scaled early turtles with beaks but tooth-paved palates crawled along the banks of rivers, relying on their enlarged armour plates to protect them from predators; their closest known relatives, however, magnificent armoured plant-eaters that commonly reached the size of today's biggest panzertoitles, died out at the end of the Permian.
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