It must first be noted that: 1. * At the muscular/anal stage, shame develops with the child’s self-consciousness. 2. * Doubt has to do with having a front and back – a lack of understanding of rules. 3. * Leftover doubt may/will become paranoia. 4. * This being true, at a later stage, the emotion of guilt is new and confusing to the child. Yours in righteous moral rectitude, Carl M. Penrose MD MSc BMus Head of Cognitive Behavioural Sciences (CBS) University of Huddershill