Quechua is an indigenous language of South America, spoken primarily in parts of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. While its spoken form predates Columbian contact and was spoken by the Inca, a written form was first devised after contact with the Spanish, and uses the Roman alphabet. It is one of the official languages of Peru and Bolivia. By 1916, several Quechuan-speakers had joined Pancho Villa's forces. When Indiana Jones later joined Pancho Villa, he learned Quechua from them.