The first series of these books were the Perfect Works series, written and published by the Square subsidiary DigiCube. They produced three books between 1998 and 1999 before the line was stopped in favor of the Ultimania(アルティマニアArutimania) series, a portmanteau of ultimate and mania. This series of books is written by Studio BentStuff, who had previously written game guides for Square for Final Fantasy VII. They were published by DigiCube until the company was dissolved in 2003, and since then by Square Enix. Dozens of books in the series have been produced since 1999, sometimes with multiple books written per game or revised editions published years afterwards. One of the books, Final Fantasy IX Ultimania Online, was solely published online as part of an experiment by Square with online