The Doctrina Iacobi is a 7th century Greek tract written in the Middle East between 634 and 640 A.D. The manuscript provides one of the earliest external accounts of the origins of Islam, presenting a significantly different Islamic historiography than found in traditional Islamic texts. It records Muhammed as a Judeo-Arab preacher proclaiming the advent of a Jewish Messiah and that the Jews and Arabs were allies against the Byzantine contradicting accounts in the Qur'an.