The 12th man or 12th player is a term for the fans within a stadium during association football or American football games. This term has a different meaning in cricket, referring instead to the first substitute player who fields when a member of the fielding side is injured. As most football leagues allow a maximum of eleven players per team on the playing field at a time, referring to a team's fans as the 12th man implies that they have a potentially helpful role in the game. In American football, the term was first used in an alumni publication of The University of Iowa in 1912 in reference to its fans. The term was first applied to an individual, E. King Gill in 1922 and has been used by various schools to refer individuals having a notable connection to their football team. In subsequ